I'm Professor Paulo Tempone and I invite you to travel the world of reflection by knowledge and curiosities from the world of philosophy. Today we speak of life in society, in this sense is never too hear a great sage. Ethics and Citizenship The society is a kind of community and the community forms in order to achieve some good.
Clearly the most important all and completes all other families and villages is aimed at more important of all goods. It is: Community Policy Ethics and Citizenship In this class We will talk about the relationship between ethics and citizenship. Two concepts which, as we see are closely linked.
Ethics and citizenship are structural concepts of human society social interaction is sewn by precepts of ethics and morals. Essential for the exercise of citizenship once they are related to two attitudes individuals and how these interact with each other in society. In philosophy, the field that deals with the reflection on human morality receives designation of Ethics.
These two terms, Ethics and Moral, have meanings near and generally refer the set of principles or standards of conduct governing relations between human beings and the world in which they live. Ethics has to do with what each either for your own life, their aspirations, to what extent you want to get, and how you want get to your goal. Moral already linked the actions to collective through rules that are created and transmitted socially.
In short a very practical way we can say that morality is more next the rules, while ethics approaches of philosophical reflection, Well, I believe that in relation to these concepts we are quiet. In a simple way we can say that ethics and morality has a great influence on citizenship, because they relate to the conduct of be human in all dimensions of their social life. In this regard it is one inquiry.
Where you realize your life social? You might answer, in my community, in the city where I live, or my neighborhood. Or even at my school, we have only then a small detail.
To live in this community you will have to respect some rules created by the community. But what are these rules? expanding our discussion to the society as a whole we will say that the planning standards and rules in a more formal language is what we call laws.
Let's go a little deeper this concept. Marcus Tullius Cicero, philosopher, speaker, writer, lawyer and politician Roman in his Legibus From work, It gives us the concept Law politician. When you say the word derives from the LEX LEGERE verb Or DELIGERE because the law would indicate the best way to go by the citizen.
Broadly, the term law as a principle, a standard created to establish the rules to be followed. In order to control behaviors and actions of individuals in a society. Under the law, the law is a rule that is the rights and duties in a community made compulsory by force Coercive legitimate authorities.
Indeed, these are rules and standards, also known as laws, which will determine the conduct of each individual as a member of a community or inhabitants of a city. So you take the citizen condition when the laws defining their rights. Okay, after all this structure Initial let's delve into the subject.
After all, what is citizenship? The term comes from the Latin Citizenship "Civitas" and refers to the set of rights and duties to which it is subject the citizen in his relationship with society in which he lives. The sense of citizenship is forged in ancient Rome, to mean a person's political situation and the rights she had and could exercise.
For the jurist Dalmo Dallari, citizenship expresses a set of rights It gives one the possibility to actively participate in the life and the government of his people. The concept of citizenship has been extended over time since includes a set of social parameters increasingly wider. So it is that citizenship can be divided into two categories.
Formal and Substantive. Formal citizenship is concerning the nationality of an individual and the fact belonging to a particular nation. Substantive citizenship is a character broader, in relation to the social, political and civil.
I will insist on one aspect. We saw that citizenship expresses a set of rights that gives the individual the opportunity to participate actively in the life and government of his people. But as participate in decisions of society to which we belong?
We will study the beginnings of this concept back to ancient Greece to understand how it worked in Greek democracy. In the Athenian sense, citizenship designated right the citizen to participate in meetings decision of the polis destinations. But how these meetings were held in Ancient Greece?
They were held in the agora, which played key role in Constitution of the first state Greeks. In ancient Greece the AGORA was the public space in which they occurred assemblies to discuss the matters pertaining to the life of the polis. justice on issues were discussed,, public works, laws, culture and etc.
The citizen, who constituted only 10% of the population determined destinations across the city, through the direct vote. They were the slaves excluded, the foreigners, women and artisans. Well, here our conversation is over the concepts of ethics and morals also the concepts of law and citizenship.
Now you should be asking, at what time these concepts merge or interlock? How does this happen in our day-to-day? To support our explanation we will hold a historical parallel, we will investigate the historical phenomenon slavery from two references in time: in Greece and Rome old and the colony Brazil.
To understand how historically view of slavery changed, passing of course accepted to a form of crime. In the Greek and Roman civilizations the practice of slavery was common. In Rome, From the 8th century, before Christ, and in Greece from the Mycenaean civilization.
Both in Greece and in Rome, the man could become a slave unpaid debt or have been won the war. The laws regulating trade slaves provided for the right of captive buy their freedom through build a nest egg. In Greece was rare release of a slave.
When this occurred the freedman had not rights. His descendants continued slaves and the chances of manumission were restricted. Already in Rome, it was common for slaves Urban were freed and their children considered free.
The freed acquired the Roman citizenship. In both societies, had punishment and ill-treatment. Slaves could be chained and marked the iron, suffer mutilation and be sentenced to death.
Let us now compare to some aspects of the sad episode that was black slavery in Brazil. Slavery began in Brazil in the 16th century, the Portuguese crown first enslaved the Indians, but the religious opposed. slave traders had spent capture the black colonies Portuguese in Africa to sell them commodity in Brazil.
Slaves worked the sugar plantations and From the second half of the 18th century in the gold mines. The captives received degrading treatment, ate food poor quality and slept in Sensalas, and were punished. could not practice their religion or follow their culture.
At women mainly performed Domestic activities. The children of slaves also had to work around 8 years old. Slavery ended only in Brazil in the year 1888, after the enactment of the Aurea law.
Today, in the letter of the law, slavery is abolished, but in many countries especially where the democracy is fragile, it is practiced forms of slavery in which women and girls are captured to be exploited in domestic work and many other activities. This historical parallel of the sad slavery episode allows understand that historically the vision and the understanding of slavery changed. Also changed the attitude towards this theme that has naturally accept a form of planned crime in law in most modern states.
Moral: Social Phenomenon If we understand that morality is regulation of values and behaviors considered legitimate by given society, a people, a religion, a certain cultural tradition, we can say that a moral is a particular social phenomenon, which can vary by time and place. there is the question: how to regulate the validity of standards if they can vary by time and place? There is the need for what we call ethic.
Ethics is a critical reflection on practical life and morality. Ethics is a reference to humans in a society in such a way that society will become increasingly more human. I believe that a good model that can help us complement our ideas is the Theory Tetradimensional of law, lawyer Miguel Reale.
A fact, slavery is matched with prevailing values in a certain period history. It was because the rules were adjusted to validate the behavior to keep people as slaves. Like this not occurred conflicts between the facts, the values and standards.
Today, on the contrary, our values are others. It is not allowed to enslave people. This behavior is seen as a violation of human rights.
So that there is conflict, our legislation deals with this behavior as an act criminal because it is reprehensible by society. Then Value, Standard and Suit, must be always in balance. Here lies the importance of ethics as main reference for the development of humanity.
This reflective and practical behavior It must be assimilated by individuals and people should be able to judge conflicts and critical moral appeals current. Recalling that ethics and morals are not static and unchangeable, but are part the historical-cultural dynamics in which they operate. In an attempt to universalize some rights, universal declaration of rights humans, established by UN reinforces values as solidarity, freedom, dignity human, citizenship, equality, among others.
But the statement does not guarantee that people will take the practice of such values. So much more than we know our rights to full citizenship We must also be aware of the our duties. Now his work as student is more research on the topic ethics and citizenship, about their rights and duties as a citizen.
Also look read the statement universal human rights, Compare our constitution, then make a reflection on their attitudes while the citizen. Very well, we are finalizing another lesson. Now you wait for a close encounter good studies!
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