today we're going to go on a journey 10 quintilian years into the future a time where our universe will look and act completely different Stars will have died out black holes will form Earth will be a distant memory but what else will happen will Humanity be able to survive this long before we get started let's clear up how many years we're going into the future what is 10 quintilian years anyway well it's a one followed by 19 zeros yeah it's pretty big 10 billion billions we can't even squeeze all those zeros onto your screen but
never mind that we've got a lot of ground to cover let's start 1 billion years into the future where something terrifying is happening 1 billion years from today in 1 billion years Earth will look incredibly different what was once our Blue Marble full of life is now a dull brown rock with no life to be seen changes to our sun have killed off all life on Earth the Sun has been growing hotter and hotter about 1 Dee more every 100 million years and the surface temperature of Earth is now 47° C that's 117 F this
increase in heat first disrupted the carbon cycle plants died off and then animals shortly thereafter there might have been a little bit of life left in our oceans but then it got hotter and the water evaporated what was once a beautiful planet teaming with life is now a dry dead Rock but what about us humans well hopefully we made it out of Earth and built colonies somewhere else in the Galaxy before the sun decided to kill us but you wouldn't catch us living on Mars even that would be too dangerous with this hotter Sun we
humans would need to be living much farther away we'd need to set up shop in other galaxies within the Milky Way hopefully within a billion years humans have developed an efficient system of populating habitable planets by this time a populated Mars would be a distant memory but it's possible that the outer planets in our solar system or their moons might become habitable for for us for a little while there's also another possibility there may be a subset of humans who live on in the form of pure artificial intelligence people who have uploaded their Consciousness into
machines and live virtually forever but the machines that host them well they'd need to be powered by something somewhere so physical humans would still be around to set up these colonies that will keep our virtual humans going living forever with a virtual Consciousness sounds cool right but here's the catch none of these mind-bending possibilities can happen in our future without the right Energy Solutions we're already struggling to sustainably power the things we have now so how can we expect to fuel such an advanced existence well if we want to evolve into a civilization filled with
extraordinary advancements we need to start developing Cutting Edge technology to power it thankfully a publicly listed company called Hillcrest energy technology IES is tackling that right now they're creating innovative solutions that make energy conversion more efficient and boost the performance of electric vehicles and renewable energy systems take their zero voltage switching or zvs inverter for example it's a device that converts electricity let me break that down solar panels generate direct current or DC electricity but our buildings homes and the power grids we use require alternating current or AC electricity to make energy from solar panels
usable an inverter is needed to convert DC into AC that's where Hillcrest comes in their zvs inverter is a game Cher it operates at an incredible 99.7% efficiency reducing energy loss and offering potentially millions of dollars in additional revenue for renewable energy projects now you see how they're shaping tomorrow's Power Systems their Tech could reduce battery pack sizes in electric vehicles by up to 15% cutting cost by thousands of dollars per vehicle and with potential applications in Formula eracing data centers and grid connected Energy Systems they're already catching the eye of major players click the
link in the description to learn more about their technology and products you know it's reassuring to know that the electricity challenges we face today are being actively tackled with innovative solutions while helping the planet if we're going to have a future filled with such extraordinary possibilities we need a company like Hillcrest to help power it but this is just the start of where our future is headed let's hop back in your time machine and go forward another few billion years 10 billion years time for your next stop 10 billion years into the future as you're
flying in your time machine you notice that the solar system looks very very different the sun is now smaller it's about the size of Earth it's also white and much dimmer than before well over the last 9 billion years the sun burned all the hydrogen in its core as its shell started burning it became a red giant finally with all of its fuel burned up and with it reaching an older stage and its life as a star it became a white dwarf that's what you're seeing now during its red giant phase the enormous energy given
off by the sun caused its outer layers to expand engulfing Mercury and probably Venus too looks like the Earth has been vaporized and is stripped down to its iron core at this point the sun will cool off for billions of years before it reaches its next stage a black dwarf more on that in a minute as the sun was getting older and dying out another big event was also happening two massive galaxies merged with each other creating an entirely new Galaxy you've got the Milky Way galaxy which is the one we live in and then
our neighboring Galaxy Andromeda both galaxies are part of a shared space neighborhood containing 50 galaxies these are called the local group and due to gravitational forces some were moving closer together the Andromeda galaxy moved toward the Milky Way at 400 million kmph if you stood in the middle as they merged you'd probably feel like you were in the middle of a giant snow globe that had been shaken violently except instead of fluffy snow being thrown around it's rocks planets and entire Stars this went on for millions of years when these two galaxies were finally merged
they created what's known as the Mila Galaxy would stars have collided during this merger well you might think so but probably not because of the vast distances between them they're really far apart we're talking hundreds of billions of kilometers but what would happen to our solar system in this merger well scientists have calculated that there's a 50% chance our solar system would be pushed far away from the galactic core three times further away from where we are today and there's a 12% chance our Solar system would be completely ejected from this new Galaxy but by
that point we humans would no longer be living in our solar system if we were still around we'd have populated planets in a galaxy far far away and we'd definitely choose one that wasn't about to go through a merger so say goodbye to the Milky Way galaxy and say hello to Mila all right now it's time to check in and see what else is happening in our universe 22 billion years in 22 billion years things start to get a little complicated something is going to happen that's known as the Big Rip according to one Theory
we're heading to a point in about 20 billion years where the universe is going to tear itself apart this will be due to Dark Energy yeah Dark Energy now that's something physicists don't even completely understand but they do know one thing it's causing the universe to EXP expand faster and faster keep this dark energy in mind as we'll come back to it later now if the Big Rip happens galaxies that exist today in clusters will begin to stretch apart and then all the objects Within These galaxies will move away from each other star systems planets
everything will accelerate away from one another right down to their atoms which would rip apart and dissolve leading to the end of the universe scientists have found some evidence that we could be heading toward this demise but it's not 100% certain good I was getting a little nervous there okay so for now let's assume that our universe doesn't rip apart 20 billion years from now what happens next 100 trillion years from today even though the Big Rip may not happen that doesn't mean our universe will be safe over these 100 trillion years stars all across
the universe will be dying out let's go back for a second to the big bang when the universe began to form 150 million years after that stars were created now since the formation of that first star to where you are now new stars have been and still are forming all the time the best way to see this is if you peer into these clouds of interstellar hydrogen gas that are everywhere in space if you look at a dense area you can see how it collapses in on itself and leads to the formation of a star
over the 100 trillion years you'll notice that stars are forming in all different sizes the basic rule is the smaller the star the longer it lives look at this star which is just 8% the mass of our sun it's just a little too small to get hydrogen Fusion going so it's a failed star also known as a brown dwarf and here's a bigger one about 10 times as massive as our sun it burns hotter and it's blasting through its fuel very quickly so in about 20 million years it'll die out and you already saw how
our son died after about 10 billion years but the majority of stars you've seen are smaller than our sun these are red dwarfs they're about 8% to 50% the mass of our sun they're a lot dimmer but they also live longer about 80 to 100 billion years so during this time you'll start to see a lot of these red dwarfs starting to die out then we've got the brown dwarfs these are so dim that they're hard for you to see they die in a mellow kind of way getting cooler and cooler as they cool their
temperature will drop to about 2500° C which is cooler than most stars finally let's check out the end of this incredibly massive star it's 8 times the size of our sun its core is collapsing into a massive explosion that creates a supernova this gives rise to a neutron star which is an incredibly dense and compact star or its death could result in a black hole over these 100 trillion years you've just witnessed the stelliferous era you've seen Stars being born and dying planets coming and going and the merging of galaxies well there's also another incredibly
important thing that's been happening as our stars have been dying you see when stars die they release various elements and materials out into space this often leads to new stars forming but not all the mass of a Dying star gets released and available for new Star formation because of this the universe will slowly run out of raw materials in the form of hydrogen gas to make new stars could this spell the end of the universe 10 quintilian years okay welcome to your final stop or almost final it's 10 quintilian years into the future remember that's
one followed by 19 zeros the stelliferous era has ended and we're in the ear early part of a new time called the degenerate era and know that's not when a bunch of redditors take over the universe as you fly through the universe it appears much dimmer than it did before once twinkling with bright stars it's now a graveyard this is a universe littered with the remnants of dead stars white dwarfs Brown dwarfs neutron stars black holes all the stars that have ever been born have given up their light and died so if star formation is
over what happens to humans even if we're living in other galaxies we still need a solar system and a viable planet to live on well one possibility is that we've given up our material bodies and we're existing entirely in the form of energy that's cool but there's another possibility involving a whole new universe more on that in a second but back to the degenerate era keep your eyes open for rare collisions between remnants stirring things up in the universe like if two brown dwarfs Collide it might give birth to a new star that lives for
trillions of years or if two white dwarfs Collide you could see a supernova explosion but overall the universe is becoming cooler and darker matter and its tiniest building blocks continue to decay all right that's our 10 quintilian years pretty crazy but what happens after that what happens at the end of the universe 10 Dillion years okay at 10 Dillion years that's a one followed by 34 zeros you're close to the end of the degenerate era white dwarves Brown dwarves even neutron stars will begin to die their death will come about because of a process called
proton decay where the tiniest subatomic particles that they're made of begin to disintegrate and die themselves these white dwarves will no longer be giving off an immense amount of light instead they'll have the brightness of just a few light bulbs the time it takes for this Decay to be completed is incredibly long but hey on this journey you've got all the time in the world or maybe I should say in the universe it's sad to see these little protons die out well you couldn't really see them dying because they're so tiny but still if the
fundamental building blocks of molecules ultimately Decay it would appear that the fate of the universe is sealed with protons disintegrating on your last stop you'll confront an old Unstoppable enemy 10 Duo dilon years your we're at 10 Duo dilon years in the future that's a one followed by 40 zeros a lot of zeros right you've climbed another rung in the desolate Universe things just keep getting Bleaker and Bleaker no planets no stars no dwarfs no wonder it's so dark you can barely see anything other than a very very weak shine these are the black holes
it's no surprise that some scientists have labeled this time the beginning of the black hole era black holes are these massive structures in the universe that suck up anything anything that gets close to them not even light can escape a black hole they're like some kind of planetary zombie scarfing up the remnants of dead stars and getting more and more dense and massive you thought Thanos was bad did I mention that nothing escapes a black hole Yeah well nothing can escape a black hole well there is one thing that can escape it's been proposed that
black holes might leak tiny bits of radiation this is known as Hawking radiation here's how it works twin particles are appearing in space all the time immediately annihilating each other but when they appear at the mouth of a black hole sometimes one falls into the black hole while the other escapes over trillions of years this particle leakage would reduce the mass of the black hole causing it to to die so if you did multiple stops in the time machine you could watch these black holes eventually die out over massively long periods of time all right
looks like there's still some time left in the video so let's check out what happens next Google years and beyond all right before we get to our last stop for real this time I got to mention the whatif Explorers Club over on patreon for just a couple bucks a month you can get exclusive adree videos check it out in the description okay a Google years into the future what is that that's a a one followed by 100 zeros What's Happening Here well even the last black hole in the universe has lost its last bit of
mass and died out welcome to the dark era it's cold dark and very quiet what can you see in our universe at this point well only a few sub atomic particles and dark energy the universe has expanded so much that the few subatomic particles left are super spread out incredibly far away from each other at one point there were stars and then remnants of stars then black holes but now you have to zip around in the time machine all over the area of our current Universe to catch sight of a single subatomic particle a sad
and lonely place and remember the dark energy the stuff that almost destroyed the universe during the Big Rip well it will keep the universe expanding out further and further and as the universe keeps expanding it keeps cooling scientists have labeled this stage the big freeze all energy will be evenly distributed in the universe and the temperature will be just north of absolute zero yeah very very cold but not as cold as winter in Canada this theory of the universe has a cool dark end but there's another theory though called the Big Crunch instead of infinite
expansion the universe reaches a point where it switches into reverse and begins Contracting it would be like playing your life back to you in Reverse when you got really old you return to a baby then to an embryo then to a single cell if that does play out well maybe then the whole cycle of the Big Bang starts up again a second time time or maybe this has happened before and we're in the middle of one of the many cycles of expansion and contraction unfortunately scientists think that's less likely it appears more likely that the
universe is in the grip of dark energy which will lead to the big freeze at the end what does this mean for the human race well even putting aside the big freeze things appear pretty bleak for life in the universe once we hit the degenerate era those damn rators after all we need bright luminous stars to create habitable zones to live on planets so how do we make that a reality well one intriguing possibility is the ability for us to build our own Universe maybe in a lab keep in mind we're only 200 years past
the Industrial Revolution centuries from now humans will know a whole lot more about how to manipulate our environment using our smarts will take control of the future in fact as humans progress from a type 1 to a type seven civilization the possibilities are mindboggling but that sounds like a story for another what if
