in the ever evolving landscape of scientific research and exploration Humanity's brightest Minds continue to push the boundaries at a rate faster than ever before so far this year 2024 unless you're watching in the future in which case Hello future you has seen no exception and while we're only a few months into this year there already been several fascinating discoveries from a wide variety of fields today we're going to talk about five of them so let's go sifting through data from the Sloan digital Sky survey PhD student Alexia Lopez was studying the distant Universe when she spotted something incredible 9. 2 billion light years away from us is a massive circle of Galactic clusters so large that it defies all possible reasoning it's been nicknamed the big ring and with a diameter of 1. 3 billion light years and a circumference of 4 billion light years it might just be the largest structure in the OB observable universe but there's a problem with the big ring and that's the fact that its mere existence casts doubt on some wellestablished cosmological principles to understand how the ring is forming cracks in the foundation of astrophysics we need to rewind time a little bit all the way back to the Big Bang so I guess more than a little bit during the first few hundred, years after the big bang the universe was filled with an ocean of dense plasma as waves rippled through this plasma it created Peaks and valleys this is known as barrier I IC acoustic oscillation or Bao and dids believed that the places where matter bunched up on these primordial waves is what led to the distribution of matter that we see throughout the Universe today as well as the patterns of the cosmic microwave background radiation the problem here is that analysis of the big bang and current models of Bao indicate that the upper limit for Cosmic structure should be somewhere in the ballpark of 1.
2 billion light years in length which sounded great until we started discovering things larger than this upper limit such as the big ring but The Oddities don't end there what makes the big ring even stranger is that it's adjacent to another limit breaker that was discovered in 2021 and that's the giant Arc In The Sky which by the way was also discovered by that same PhD student Alexia Lopez the giant Arc is considered by some to be larger than the big ring as it spans 3. 3 billion light years only it doesn't form a complete circle like it's recently discovered NE to put into perspective just how immensely large these structures are the cluster of galaxies that our Milky Way resides in the lanica supercluster is only about 520 million light years in diameter meaning that despite containing an estimated 100,000 galaxies it is absolutely dwarfed by the big ring and the giant Arc is so large that if it were visible to human eyes in the night sky it would take up the space of 20 full moons lined up side by side and overall it takes up about 1/5 of the radius of the entire visible universe so with the addition of 2024's Big Ring we now have two super massive structures whose Origins defy explanation and whose surprising proximity raises further questions as Lopez herself puts it the big ring and the giant Arc both individually and together gives us a big cosmological mystery and their Ultra large sizes distinctive shapes and cosmological proximity must surely be telling us something important but what exactly batrick are crucial to the functioning of our society they're in our phones they're in our computers our cars and well nearly every other piece of critical infrastructure that makes Modern Life possible but while they afford US the luxury of storing and transporting electrical energy they've brought about their own set of problems namely the extraction of the resources that are needed to make them one of the most concerning of these is lithium a crucial component for the type of battery used in electric vehicles lithium mining is no easy task and it requires the use of chemicals like sulur acid and sodium hydroxide which can poison the local ecosystem lead to the diversion of huge quantities of local fresh water deforestation and a whole lot else in fact while electric cars themselves drastically reduce emissions compared to traditional combustion engines their production is actually more polluting on top of this lithium sources aren't endless and like with any other resource eventually the cost of lithium extraction is going to climb as newer methods are needed to reach deeper or more challenging reserves alongside lithium ion batteries a several other types with various uses around the world such as alkaline lead acid and nickel cadium all of which come with their own advantages and disadvantages all of this is why finding a more sustainable or cheaper resource for batteries would have far-reaching benefits for the world and also the future of things like mobile devices transportation and the efficiency of solar panels which is exactly what two teams have accomplished this year one in Australia and the other in China the team from Australia led by researchers from the raw Melbourne Institute technology have developed what they call recyclable water batteries in every battery you need a positive end called the cathode and a negative end called the anode and an electrolyte that connects the two and turns chemical energy into electrical energy usually the electrolyte is hazardous material such as sulfuric acids in the case of lead acid batteries and this is why you're not supposed to throw most types of batteries in the trash with the rest of your household ways as it can pose problems to its disposal location down the line the Australian team's breakthrough is that their prototype batteries electrolyte is none other than water with a little bit of salt in it they're calling their invention an aquous metal ion battery and the advantage here is that once the water-based electrolyte has run out of charge it can easily be removed and replaced potentially prolonging the batter's lifespan indefinitely water-based electrolytes don't pose the risk of chemical pollution that lead acid batteries do and they don't carry the risk of intense fires that lithium iron batteries do not only that but they're also much cheaper so far the team has created prototypes of several small scale batteries such as ablea and the small cell type batteries found in watches each battery contains the potential to be recharged at least 500 times and have shown to retain 80% of their capacity after more than 700 charging Cycles one of the keys to maintaining its capacity is the team's Innovative use of rust normally over the lifespan of a battery tiny metal Spurs called dendroides will form on the anode which can eventually reduce the batter's Effectiveness and its ability to hold a charge the team stopped their formation by coating their anode in a thin layer of bismuth after which they allowed it to oxidize or rust preventing these spurs from forming in the first place meanwhile a team in China has come up with a different solution calcium scientists from Fudan University announced in February 2024 that dead created a calcium based battery that could handle 700 recharging Cycles calcium is far more abundant than lithium is about 2,500 times more abundant on its own making up about 4% of the Earth's crust it's the third most common metal if the number of recharging Cycles can be improved as well as their size and overall power this on its own promises a much cheaper alternative to lithian iron batteries but there's another aspect of calcium that makes it even more attractive it turns out the calcium batteries are highly flexible and its creators demonstrated that small scale models could be built into thin Fabrics potentially giving us a glimpse of Next Generation wearable devices disguised as everyday clothing on top of this there is some hope for one specific variant the calcium oxygen battery which theoretically would have the highest total capacity and energy density these batteries would take oxygen out of the air to use his power which would be an incredible technological leap but unfortunately these systems aren't stable at room temperature so they require far more energy to maintain than they can currently deliver regardless with 2024's announcement of water and calcium batteries the future of energy is looking pretty [Music] optimistic in 2016 data from the Hubble Space Telescope was examined by a team working on candles one of Hubble's most ambitious data projects peering at the far reaches of the cosmos the team announced that further analysis of the galaxy gnz11 has revealed that it existed an estimated 13.
