before starting the video we should know about what is fallacy a fallacy is the use of in logical or faulty reasons for an argument that may appear to be well reasoned if unnoticed the term was introduced in the western intellectual tradition by the Aristotle during his work in organon which he identified 13 fallacies fallacies may be committed intentionally to manipulate or influence a person's beliefs attitudes intentions motivations or behaviors by convincing one or many people within true information because of human carelessness cognitive or social biases and ignorance or potentially due to the limitations of language
and understanding of language fallacies are commonly divided into formal and informal a formal fallacy is a flaw in the structure of a deductive argument that renders the argument invalid while an informal fallacy originates in an error in reasoning other than an improper logical form arguments containing informal fallacies may be formally valid but still fallacious appeal to Authority it describe as in insisting a claim is true simply because an expert or authority makes it without supporting evidence for example this diet must be healthy because my favorite celebrity endorses it straw man it refers to misrepresenting or
exaggerating someone's argument to make it easier to attack for example vegetarians say animals should never be killed but what about pests should we let them overrun our homes appeal to ignorance it refers to claiming something is true because it hasn't been proven false or vice versa for example no one has ever proved that aliens don't exist so they must be real false dilemma also known as black and white thinking it describe as presenting to options as the only possibilities when in fact more options exist for example we either ban all cars to stop pollution or
face environmental disaster slippery slope it describ as arguing that a small First Step will inevitably lead to a chain of related or negative events for example if we allow students to redo their exams soon they'll be demanding to rewrite all their papers circular reasoning it describe as the argument repeats what it assumes to be true rather than proving it for example you must obey the law because it's illegal to break it Hasty generalization it describe as making a broad generalization based on limited or insufficient evidence for example my two friends got food poisoning from that
restaurant so it must have terrible hygiene red herring it describ as introducing an irrelevant topic to divert attention from the original issue for example why worrying about climate change when we have homelessness to tackle appeal to emotion it describe as manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid or compelling argument for example think of the poor children who will suffer if we don't adopt this policy false cause it describ as assuming that because one event followed another the first caused the second for example I wore my lucky socks and we won the game so
the socks must have brought us luck ad homonym also known as personal attack it describ as attacking the person making the argument rather than the argument itself for example you can't trust Jon's argument on climate change because he's not a scientist appeal to popularity it describ as arguing that something is true or right because many people believe or do it for example everyone is switching to this new phone so it must be the best false analogy it describe as assuming that because two things are alike in one or more respects they're necessarily alike in some
other respect for example just as a car needs gasoline to run humans need to eat meat to survive Nong secer it describ as a conclusion or statement that does not logically follow from the previous argument or statement for example she's wearing red shoes she must be good at math T qu you too it describe as dismissing someone's argument because they are guilty of the same thing for example you say smoking is unhealthy but you smoke too appeal to tradition it described as arguing that something is better or correct simply because it is older or has
always been done for example we should continue to use this method because it has always worked in the past equivocation it describ as using a word with multiple meanings in different parts of an argument misleadingly for example a feather is light what is light cannot be dark therefore a feather cannot be dark loaded question it describe as asking a question that contains a presumption making it difficult to answer without appearing guilty for example have you stopped cheating on your exams gamblers fallacy it describ as believing that future probabilities are influenced by past events in a
way that they are not for example I flip heads five times in a row so the next flip Must Be Tails appeal to Nature it described as arguing that because something is natural it is therefore good or right for example natural herbs are always better than synthetic medicines composition it described as assuming that what is true for the parts is true for the whole for example each player on the team is a star so the team must be in beatable division it describ as assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its
parts for example the team is the best in the league so each player must be the best at their position anecdotal evidence it describ as using personal experience or an isolated example in instead of a valid argument especially to dismiss statistics for example my grandfather smoked his whole life and lived in '97 so smoking can't be that bad middle ground it described as assuming that the middle position between two extremes is always the truth for example some people say vaccines cause autism and some say they don't the truth must be somewhere in between appeal to
fear it described as using fear to persuade people instead of logical reasoning for example if you don't support this policy terrorists will attack our country appeal to flattery it describ as using flattery to win support for an argument for example you're such an intelligent person I'm sure you can see why we need this policy appeal to pity it describe as exploiting feelings of pity or guilt to win support for an argument for example you should Vote for This candidate because they've had such a hard life genetic fallacy it described as judging something good or bad
based on where from whom it comes for example you shouldn't trust his argument because he was raised in a conservative household no true Scotsman it describe as making an appeal to Purity as a way to dismiss relevant criticisms or flaws of an argument for example no true Scotsman would ever commit such a crime burden of proof it described as placing the burden of proof on the person questioning the claim other than the one making the claim for example you can't prove that ghost don't exist so they must be fallacy of exclusion it describ as leaving
out relevant facts that would undermine an argument for example he must be a great employee he is never late or excludes the fact that he might not be productive when he is present false equivalents it describ as making a comparison between two things that are not alike in significant respects for example believing in astrology is no different from believing in weather forecast special pleading it describ as applying standards principles rules Etc to others while making oneself or certain circumstances exempt from the same critical criteria without providing adequate justification for example everyone should follow the law
except for me because I have special reasons appeal to consequences it describe as arguing that a belief is false because it implies something undesirable for example if there is no afterlife then life has no meaning therefore there must be an afterlife false fallacy it describes as presuming that a real or perceived relationship between things means that one is the cause of the other for example every time the rooster crows the sun rises therefore the rooster causes the sun to rise moving the goalpost it describ as changing the criteria of a proof after they have been
met for example you have evidence that climate change is real but I won't believe it until all scientists agree Texas Sharpshooter a describ as cherry-picking data clusters to suit an argument or finding a pattern to fit a presumption for example this brand of soda is good because it was the top selling in a few select cities cherry picking it describ as selecting only favorable evidence while ignoring unfavorable evidence for example look at all the studies that show this treatment works and ignores studies that show it doesn't appeal to wealth it describ as assuming that someone
or something is better because they are wealthier or more expensive for example this car must be better because it costs more appeal to novelty it describ as claiming that something is superior because it is new or modern for example this new phone model is the best because it's the latest version argument from incredulity it described as arguing that because one finds something difficult to understand it must not be true for example I can't imagine how Evolution works so it must be false fallacy of sunk costs it described as continuing a behavior or Endeavor as a
result of previously invested resources like time money or effort for example I've already invested so much in this project I can't give up now appeal to the stone it describ as dismissing a claim is absurd without demonstrating proof for its absurdity for example that's just ridiculous and I'm not even going to respond to it fallacy of reification it describ as treating an abstract concept as if it were a concrete real event or physical entity for example Justice is blind appeal to ridicule it describ as presenting the opponent's argument in a way that makes it appear
ridiculous for example believing in ghost is like believing in the tooth fairy reversing causation it describ as confusing the cause with the effect or assuming that if is correlated with B A causes B for example people who take sleeping pills have more sleep problems so sleeping pills C sleep problems appeal to motive it described as challenging a thesis by calling into question the motives of its proposer for example you only believe in this policy because you will benefit from it Continuum fallacy also called as sores Paradox it describe as rejecting a claim because it is
not precisely defined for example you can't say someone is Rich because there's no exact amount of money that makes someone Rich Nirvana fallacy also known as perfect solution fallacy refers to solutions to problems are rejected because they are not perfect for example seat bels are a bad idea people people are still going to die in car crash psychological fallacy that occurs when an observer assumes that his or her subjective experience reflects the true nature of an event for example I or everyone I know or most people I know don't know very much about chemistry therefore
I can assume that this other person knows very little about chemistry
