ancestors of the Buffalo crossed the bearing land bridge between modern Alaska and Russia nearly half a millennia ago these lumbering creatures bison latifrons were much larger than modern Buffalo and they sported large sets of horns wider than 7 ft across it's not a reach to think that those resourcer herbivores beckoned early man who followed these creatures from Asia into the Americas as the last ice age came to a close in time these nomadic peoples would diffuse throughout the Americas creating large Empires such as the Aztecs and the Incas in South America and Powerful tribes like
the Cherokee iroy and Lakota in North America they thrived ranging from nomadic hunter gatherers on the plains to Great Builders of mounds and pyramids who sustained themselves with complex agricultural systems generations of people passed completely cut off from the world their ancestors migrated from but in the 15th century a title of change hit them like a hammer the second Columbus and his voyage landed in the Caribbean their lives were destined to be shattered European disease the only unintentional killer was the most devastating death rates made the Black Death centuries before in Europe looked pedestrian the
fractured elements of what remained were unable to stand up to metal armor weapons and guns and even if they could overwhelm the Invaders with Superior numbers their cultures didn't operate in a structured and unified way way they were free but this is what made them doomed their existence would parallel that of the Buffalo once numerous and Powerful they would fall to forces beyond their control before going nearly extinct but like wounded animals many refuse to go out without a fight these Warriors fought for their people their gods and their way of life they would be
maimed abused and forced to adapt to defend themselves today we are going to progress through the centuries to look at three Warriors among them all of them would fight for the chance of their people to be free all of them would die trying welcome to dates and dead guys but before we get to our story today in 2024 the majority of us live a substantial portion of our lives on the internet but just because the internet is a digital space doesn't mean it's safe that is why I use delete me the most trusted Source in
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one of the largest population shifts in human history as Europeans crossed the Atlantic in search of riches in the new world while Spanish steel swords and early guns made short work of clubs and slingshots the natives that Columbus misidentified as Indians continued to push back in the 1532 Battle of kamaka less than 200 conquistadors obliterated an Incan Army approaching 10,000 it was a massacre these one-sided battles punctuated native and European engagements many civilizations including the azex and Incas toppled over relatively quickly some even belied that these foreigners were manifestations of their gods most became subjugated
however one tribe was not going to vanish without a fight at the time of Spanish arrival the mapuche inhabited the values between the atata and the tolton rivers in Chile unlike neighboring tribes whose traditions in Hospitality LED them into horrible situations the mapuche had zero tolerance for foreign occupation the Spanish attempt to enslave the mapuche began in the araa war in 1536 which would be one of the costliest Wars for the Spanish in South America the Spanish intended to enslave the mapuche and force them to mine for gold around the coastal mountains the mapuche were
not exactly in favor of this around the boobo river conflict between both parties continued ultimately culminating in the Battle of L ganil on November 8th 1557 with overwhelming odds the Spanish Army under the command of Garcia herat de Mendoza captured 100 mauchi Warriors one of whom was named galvarino little is recorded of galvarino prior to this battle but considering his next actions there is little doubt that he'd been a strong and formidable opponent in the early years of the arala war after their capture galvarino and the other prisoners were thrown before the feet of Mendoza
it was typical to name the prisoners and send them back as a warning to instill fear hands and noses were severed from the body creating obvious reminders to the prisoners and those around them of the cost to stand up to the Spanish according to Alonzo de orillo author of La AR rokana which details the Spanish Conquest in an epic poem galvino's hands were hacked off in Savage blows but he as a stoic Warrior remained stone-faced as the others assisted the barely conscious Warrior away galvarino turned and said since I have some blood and strength with
which to have a go at the Christians I want to devote the rest of my life to this I hope to gain my revenge how the Spanish understood him is unknown and may be more true in feeling than in verbage but it was clear that the spirit of this Warrior wasn't broken the way the Spanish had intended forced to glare at his mutilated arms for the return trip he was sent back to his tribe by Mendoza in order to share the message with the chief that mauchi resistance was feudal while the Spaniards thought their disfiguration
would have instilled fear it clearly only kindled galvino's hatred and he demanded that Cal pakan their leader seek Justice for such barbarism his diet tribe against the Spanish went on until he passed out from blood loss inspired calicon and others prepared for attack later galvarino only mildly recovered was appointed the head of a war party to lead the attack his malice would only go so far and although he expressed a willingness to use his teeth he would need more to stand a chance in combat but galvarino wouldn't need his hands to kill Spaniards taking some
leather straps they lash knives possibly made from scoria copper or bronze to his unhealed stumps they had likely been cariz an extremely painful process that would burn the wound Clos so that he could not only lead his men into battle but fight just as fiercely as before on November 30th 1557 this nightmare of a man LED his Warriors against the Spanish at the battle of Miller aru where Mendoza would be present galvarino was a terror leading an ambush of the Spanish the knives on his arms claimed the lives of many ill-prepared Spaniards and he even
clawed his way enough forward to take the life of Mendoza's number two man despite his leadership and the fear he invoked mauchi warriors were no match once they lost the element of surprise when the dust settled 3,000 more aoi Warriors died and 800 would be taken prisoner it's possible that the Spanish lost less than 50 men galvarino was one of the captured and stripped of his knives his resistance would be minimal accounts differ on his method of execution it's likely he was hanged a typical death for Spanish prisoners before being fed to Mendoza's warhouse it
was done in front of the other prisoners and his death did somber the other mapi Warriors but it did not break them despite the remain mapuche being pushed back the example of fearless Warriors like galvarino inspired continued resistance to colonization war and skirmishes would continue for centuries making them one of the most successful tribes to resist the inevitable through the process of European colonization Native Americans were forced to adapt to stand any chance of keeping their territory let alone survival in the 16th and 17th centuries native groups adopted European weapons like rifles others to the
West found incredible value in the horse these advancements gave them better opportunities for resistance against the newcomers although it also forced trade relationships still most resistance could only serve as speed bumps in the complete colonization as immigration was not slowing down by any metric as European disease devastated their own populations the population of Europeans was expanding early conquistadors were replaced by explorers entrepreneurs and even families escaping religious persecution and famine the promise of the new world was simply too alluring so alluring in fact that naturally the Europeans would go to war with each other over
resources throughout America the natives took sides in the majority of these conflicts in some hope to maintain their land and maintain trading relationships for European Goods much of the alliances were simply based on Survival the popular notion or cliche of the enemy of my enemy as my front in North America the French and British were in constant territorial dispute which escalated into Wars that mirrored confrontations back in Europe in America King Williams War followed by Queen Anne's War followed by King George's War and followed by the French and Indian War perpetuated violence that the natives
also participated in on both sides usually being persuaded by promises that would later be broken after Queen an's war ended in 1713 which momentarily ended official hostility between the powers a smaller conflict known as drummers War began and lasted from 1722 to 1725 it was named after the British lieutenant governor of Massachusetts William drummer this three-year conflict was also called The Love well War father rails War Greylock War the three years war the wabanaki New England war or the fourth Anglo abanaki War so semantically this is a nightmare which isn't entirely unique as many conflicts
of the time rarely settled on common nomenclature in an alliance with the French the pacet band of the abanaki engaged the British in the Border dispute over the kbec river the paket lived along the Sako River in what is now New Hampshire and Maine there they had found success cultivating corn the French gave the pacet modern shotguns provisions and clothing to make them better equipped to fight the British their Superior knowledge of the land and untraditional fighting methods made them effective allies for the French among the pacet was chief pegas his name meant the oak
he was an effective and formidable Warrior against the British but all Warriors need to eat so he took a party to go hunting in the region while on the Expedition near present day fryberg M pgus heard distant gunshots and cautiously race toward the sound what he and his Hunting Party didn't know was that earlier that day a lone pacet Scout had been discovered by an Indian Hunting Party of 34 Englishmen led by John lell lovewell was a man renowned for his ability to collect native scalps after successfully tracking them a prize at the time where
there would be bounties the group followed the Scout for several hours that morning before firing but the bullet didn't kill the Scout immediately with his dying efforts he managed to unload a few shots in return hitting lovewell and several men before succumbing to his wounds pg' party followed the sound as they investigated they found the tracks in the snow of Love Well's men they immediately shifted their intentions to war with 70 Indians ready for battle they had a clear advantage against the now mortally wounded lovewell and his 34 men when they caught up to the
Europeans the paket attacked in a hail of gunfire and War whoops the natives set upon the men killing many before the British could even organize themselves and return fire when the British did prepare to fire a volley the pacet Warriors retreated to a safe distance the British now under command of Officer enen Wyman found their own cover and thus began an 11-hour exchange of gunfire while the British were better shots the wet were faster and were experts in Woodland Warfare an incredible part of this story is that from across battle lines men on both sides
recognized each other trade was common between the English and Natives and they had some familiarity although yelling at each other from their covered positions was less than friendly how this battle ends is a matter of debate but the version poised by author Charles Edwards is what has become Legend Chief pagas had Advanced forward and come nearly face Toof face with one of Love Well's Fighters John Chamberlain both shouldered their muskets at the same time to fire on the other and pulled the trigger but nothing happened the guns were fouled due to overuse and misfired after
fighting for several hours it left both men staring at each other awkwardly I would guess what happened next is strange pus and Chamberlain both agreed to go down to a nearby Creek and wash their weapons once at the creek both raced to reload their rifles at the the same time all other fighting had ceased as those in view of both men watched what was essentially a duel Chief pgus reloaded faster and as he primed his rifle using his powder horm shouted me kill you at Chamberlain perhaps not Chamberlain shouted back before pgus had finished priming
Chamberlain slammed the butt of his rifle into the sand enough powder filtered through his worn rifle to the priming pan making it able to fire palgas finished priming just as chamberling raised his rifle and there were two loud nearly simultaneous cracks of Thunder pg' shot had claimed Chamberlain's hat while Chamberlain shot ripped open the chief's heart Chief paas's death has become immortalized in a 19th century illustration of the duel with the combatants only a few feet away perhaps palgas had been too reliant on European technology as he would have had a physical advantage or perhaps
it never happened this version of the story wasn't published until 1799 9 nearly 75 years after the battle although Chamberlain's low status as a private and lovel's force and widespread illiteracy make it plausible that the story was just told orally during that time nevertheless Chamberlain and paas's stand Drew an end to the conflict for that day with a pacet Vanishing into the forest following the death of the chief perhaps this was paas's intention in agreeing to a duel to die bravely in battle or to will his people to Victory following the Battle the pacet return
to neutrality trying to stay away from European conflicts unfortunately for the natives neutrality was only increasing the velocity of their demise jumping ahead to the 1800s the last remnants of Native Americans were holding on to a threat in North America the tribes of South America and the east of North America had long since been conquered by European Invaders the Indian Removal Act of 1830 pushed by President Andrew Jackson led to the Trail of Tears as most tribes were pushed further and further west and then onto reservations any semblance of their former lifestyle had faded as
America continued fulfilling its Manifest Destiny Chief Victoria of the Warm Springs Apache had put up considerable resistance to the American Military presence but seemingly understanding the way the winds were blowing encouraged raids and harassment to cease and by 1869 had agreed aged to move to a reservation located near Oho Cente in New Mexico the area had been one of their ancestral homelands and helped motivate their decision to relent and move to reservation Washington promised that if Victorio and his Apache would stay on reservation he and his people would be furnished with food and would be
given thousands of blankets but Victorio feared that the word of the white man was as worthless as the paper which he had accepted while they could survive there the inability to hunt as they once did caused shortage of food and made initial life there difficult over the next 8 years the Warm Springs Apache would be moved several times to different locations they were moved to the tulorosa valley to the north where many froze to death waiting for promised blankets they were moved back to Oho Caliente before being moved to Camp Goodwin at San Carlos where
they were decimated by scorching temperatures and malaria they moved back again to Oho Cante but in 1879 rumors began circulating for another move and the tribe had had enough it said that Victorio deeply and sincerely desired peace throughout this process but his previous distrust for the Americans had proved correct and it was time for war chief Victorio and his band of roughly 150 Apache Warriors began a campaign of Guerilla Warfare between the Americans and Mexico known as Victorio's War raids against settlements continued for over a year as Victorio plundered horses ammunition and supplies to Main
maintain his resistance that served as a desperate struggle to regain the life and land of his people many times the Apache were surrounded but they always managed to escape they were known for this innate ability as a people they were incredibly tough and resourceful they were Fierce and formidable General George crook once famously called the Apache the tiger of the human species however as Chief Victorio knew the resistance was futile against the coming change he would continue the resistance until his death and that conclusion was quickly arriving The Last Stand would occur at Trey castillos
which is located in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua the desert is an open plane for Miles except for a series of small mountains that gave the reason for its name three castles which rise approximately 100 ft above the ground in October of 1880 Victorio took his men into the region they hoped to raid and gain supplies in order to stay free and continue their gorilla campaign another Apache leader Nana traveling with Victorio was famously known to be able to track down supplies like ammunition but the raids led to increasing efforts to hunt them down
a force of approximately 250 Mexicans under the leadership of Wen Terrazas was able to encircle Victorio's party and force them to take refuge in those three castles Victorio used the caves and rock piles to their advantage as his Apache force was severely outnumbered after a day of resistance the the Apache ran out of ammunition and were overwhelmed 62 warriors were killed and 68 prisoners were taken while only a handful of Mexican soldiers had lost their lives of the deceased lay the 55-year-old chief Victorio the story of how he dies was told in different ways some
say he mounted his horse and died charging the Mexican Army others say he was found mortally wounded and was executed with a gunshot to the Head most likely he plunged his own knife into his heart refusing again to become a prisoner on his own land several small groups of Apache men were not present in the battle including Nana who was away on a raid Victorio's War might be thought of as the last major Indian resistance on the continent although the Tigers of the human species would fight for far longer gono would continue his Rebellion until
1886 the Bronco Apache would fight well beyond that but if you are a fan of this channel you've probably already heard those stories n [Music]
