It is the IDS of March 44 BC in a theater dedicated to pompy the great in Rome a crowd of nervous Senators huddle in small groups whispering to one another in hushed tones they have murder on their minds their target being a man who has over the preceding years fought and won a bloody civil war against them from which he emerged as dictator of Rome at last word comes that the Target's arrival is imminent and upon Entering the hall he is approached by the Senators a struggle then ensues daggers are thrust into Flesh and Blood
spatters onto togers and marble until finally the conspirators move away leaving their foe dead on the theater floor so ends the life of one of History's Greatest and most infamous men gas Julius Caesar [Music] before we begin many thanks to our sponsor Squarespace the Innovative Easyto use website builder that allows you to design and launch your own web pages we'll tell you more later on in the [Music] video the Man known to history as guas Julius Caesar was born on either the 12th or the 13th of July 100 BC in the city of Rome during
the era of the Roman Republic his father was guas Julius Caesar II an important figure in Rome who served in various posts including Pror questor Colony commissioner and pro Consul of Asia he had however been on the losing side of the first Roman Civil War during the 80s BC supporting his brother-in-law gas Marius a man who had served on seven occasions as Consul the highest elected political office in the Roman Republic Caesar's mother was aelia Carter and her family were prominent figures in the Roman aristocracy as both her father and grandfather had served as Magistrates
and were of Consular rank within Rome's highly stratified Society Caesar's parents had two daughters Julia major and Julia minor but he was their only son born in 100 BC or as early as 102 BC according to different sources indeed little is known about Caesar's early life and the debate surrounding his birth date suggests he may not have been expected to be an important figure within Roman society his family descended from the Original Roman aristocracy and were of the Patrician class originating from the powerful Julian family who were one of the major families from the ancient
Latin city of Alba longa who settled in Rome during the mid 7th Century BC Caesar himself proudly traced his lineage to the mythical Trojan Prince anaas whose father was Prince anes the founder of Troy and whose mother was the goddess Venus in Roman society people had a First name a family name and then a cognomen or third name that indicated which branch of a family they came from gas julius's cognomen was Caesar according to plenny the Elder the name originated from the means of giving birth by cutting the abdomen from the Latin kidera or to
cut the process that we now call a cesarian section however the Historia austa suggests three other Origins which were that it came from an ancestor of Caesar Who had thick hair which in Latin is kesaris or that he had bright gray eyes Latin Oculus kesis or that he had killed an elephant morish kesai it seems that Caesar favor this final interpretation judging by the images of elephants he used in coinage the biographer suetonius born after Caesar's death described Caesar as tall of stature with a fair complexion shapely limbs a somewhat full face and Keen black
eyes and he is thought to Have suffered from a kind of epilepsy apparently caused by a tapeworm infecting his brain though other modern historians have suggested his seizures may have been caused by hereditary cardiov vascular disease citing as evidence his father and grandfather's sudden demises still others have speculated that he might have suffered from hypoglycemia which is low blood sugar or even temporal lobe epilepsy due to his inattention to his own safety in The run up to his eventual assassination Caesar's first marriage was to Cornelia sinner daughter of the influential and Powerful politician Lucius Cornelius
sinner this marriage came shortly after his father's death in 84 BC and it was with her that Caesar had the only child he would recognize as legitimate a daughter named Julia so it was that following his father's sudden death Julius Caesar found himself the head of his household At the age of just 16 at the time when there was a civil war between his aunt Julia's husband gas Marius aided by Caesar's father-in-law Lucius Cornelius Sinner and their enemy the famed military General and Consul Lucius Cornelius suah the Marius suah Civil War had started around 88
BC following a dispute between suah and Marius over the command of the forces engaged in the war in Northern Anatolia solah marched on Rome with five Of his best Legions and Marius was defeated in battle declared An Enemy of the State and fled the city heading to Africa by the end of 87 BC aided by Lucius Cornelius sinner Marius returned to Rome and took control once again declaring the reforms put in place by suah as null and void exiling him and officially installing himself and sinner as consoles in 86 BC however the 71-year-old Marius died
only 2 weeks later of natural causes leaving sinner In sole command of Rome Marius had begun military reforms which made soldiers loyal to their Commander rather than the Republic and he also held the office of Consul and unprecedented seven times Paving the way for Rome's path from Republic to Empire he was also important politically leading the populares party which favored the plebs or ordinary people against solers optimates who promoted the supremacy of the Senate and the Aristocracy at the time when Caesar married Cornelia the popularis faction of Marius and cner was still in control of
Rome and Caesar's marital connection to cner helped Caesar to be appointed as the new high priest of Jupiter when Sinner and Maria seized control of the city but following victories in the East Su returned to Rome once again and defeated the populares at the Battle of the Coline gate in November of 82 BC following this Caesar's name was Included in the prescriptions of 82 BC which publicly condemned him and many other important individuals to death with a reward for any person who killed them this declaration resulted in mass killings and at the end of su's
time in office when he relinquished his dictatorship in 81b BC Rome was in turmoil shortly after solah stood instead as console which he gained in 80 BC for the second time but he soon retired from office and died shortly After following Sol's victory in the Civil War of 82 BC Caesar had been strepped of his priesthood his wife's dowy and his inheritance due to his family's connections with sinner however he refused su's request to divorce Cornelia and instead went into hiding to avoid retribution no longer a high priest he was free to follow a military
career so he joined the army and served in Asia and Silesia modern day Southeastern Turkey whilst there he received the Civic Crown honors for leading a private Army into battle at the siege of mellene on the Island of Lesbos and he also spent time in bethenia to secure the help of King nicomedes and his Fleet however the long time he spent there led to rumors of an affair between Caesar and the King which Caesar vly denied whilst in hiding from solah Caesar had displayed his military passion and skill and when he heard of Sol's death
in the spring of 78 BC he returned to Rome acquiring a small house in saura a lower class area of the city and became a Prosecuting advocate in 77 BC and distinguished himself in the court system with his adversarial and unconventional analysis of cases delivered with a shrill toned oratory and passionate gestures he would work in law for two years whilst preparing himself for a political career in 76 BC Caesar's daughter Julia Was born a famous beauty she would later help her father by marrying nias pompus Magnus or pompy the great in 59 BC and
this helped to advance Caesar's political position with the formation of the first triumvirate a three-way political alliance between pompy Caesar and Marcus linius crus who was known for his fabulous wealth the alliance would last from 60 to 53 BC but ended on the death of crus in 53 BC in 75 BC Caesar still in his mid-20s Was kidnapped when pirates bordered a vessel he had been traveling on towards the Roman province of RADS to further his education under the Greek teacher apollonius of tyana a neop Pythagorean philosopher during the ordeal he was kidnapped for up
to 40 days and maintained an air of superiority throughout with the Pirates demanding a ransom for Caesar's return which was increased upon his own demand as he believed a Roman such as himself was Worth much more than the 20 talents of silver they were asking for this resulted in the Pirates being paid 50 talents of silver instead of 20 but in true Caesar fashion he tracked the Pirates down a month later and had them executed on the cross allowing them the leniency of having their throats cut first following his kidnapping ordeal Caesar served in the
military in the east from 74 to 72 BC during the third mytic war Part of a series of territorial conflicts between the Roman Republic and the king of pontis or Armenia minor in Northern Anatolia and at the beginning of his service there he captured the attention of senior officials for his privately LED Quest against mithradates the 6 the first step of Caesar's political career was when he was elected military trib on his return to Rome in 72 BC this was a military leadership position Putting him in charge of Legions typically given to members of the
ruling Elite on their path to the Senate and following this in 69 BC Caesar began an alliance with pompy the great and was elected quor or public official for that year however it was also during that year that his wife Cornelia died following approximately 13 years of marriage Caesar spent the next 2 years serving his quor ship in hispania with the junior classification of magistrate In charge of Finance returning in' 67 BC to marry Pompeo a granddaughter of suah and then in 65 BC he was elected cural adal which was an office given to former
magistrates empowering them to issue edicts in this post he was responsible for maintenance of public buildings and Arrangements surrounding public festivals and whilst in office he staged games with money loaned from his political and Financial Patron crus which gained him popularity and support Although he was also Accused by his contemporaries of accepting bribes and promoting allies in order to secure his rise within the Social Circles of Rome in 63 BC Caesar was elected as Tribune of the plebs an office which acted as a check on magistrates and the Senate and was thus a protection for
the common people while in this role he assisted Marcus tulus Cicero the consul at the time to deal with the calinar and conspiracy at the heart of the Conspiracy was a patrician Noble Lucius sergius Catalina who was accused of raising an Army in Rebellion against Rome after failing to be elected Consul according to his accusers Catalina had led a conspiracy to kill the consuls and magistrates in office including Cicero himself and so in response Cicero proposed to execute the conspirators without trial which would have been an unconstitutional act Cesar agreed that they were guilty but
suggested that Instead of execution they should be sent to the Italian provinces Marcus pus Kato enses or k the younger as he was known argued that their execution was a necessary deterent for others considering treason he thought that waiting for the proof of their crimes the actual overthrow of the state would mean the Rebellion could not be quashed and the argument prompted the Senate to approve Cicero's request and thus the rebel leaders were executed Whilst their leader Catalina who was with his forces between Rome and Gul met antonus hybrid as's troops in battle at pistoia
and Catalina's much reduced forces were defeated and he was killed the differences between Kato and Caesar started to emerge around this time K was said to have criticized Caesar for reading a personal message at the Senate whilst the important business of the calarian conspiracy was being discussed he also accused Caesar of Involvement in the plot in response once Caesar passed him the note he had been reading which was in fact a love letter sent to Caesar by Kato's half-sister civilia who was Caesar's mistress at the time shortly afterwards in 63 BC Caesar ran for election
to the highest position within the Roman Church known as a pontiff with the official title of pontia Maximus meaning Chief priest of the Roman State religion and he ran against the consuls quintus lutus Catalus and pablus civilus vatia isur and despite his opponent's greater experience Caesar won by a comfortable margin resulting in accusations of bribery from all sides as he succeeded quintus kilus metalis pasus who had been installed by the previous ruler Salah Cesar's position as ponteix Maximus came with a residence on the Via sakra and in 62 BC his wife pompea hosted the Festival
of the boner deer or good goddess there which only women Could attend however a young Patrician named pablus Clodius pure was discovered at the ceremony dressed as a woman with the intention of seducing Pompeo Clodius was later sent to trial for sacrilege but Caesar refused to testify against him as he thought he could gain political Advantage by staying on the right side of the popular politician eventually Clodius was acquitted with the help of crus the wealthiest man in Rome whose bribes Bought the outcome of the trial however the bonarda Scandal would be the nail in
the coffin for Caesar's marriage to pompea and they divorced in 61 BC as Caesar felt that his wife although probably innocent should nonetheless be someone who is above reproach Caesar was elevated to prayor in' 62 BC which was the second highest rank of a Roman magistrate and the following year he was made the governor or propritor of the western part of Hispania which included parts of modern day Spain and Portugal but before leaving Rome Caesar made to settle his debts with the help of his financier Marcus linius crus who paid some debts and stood as
guarantor for others in return for Caesar's support in opposing pompy whilst governor of Spain Caesar conquered local tribes acquiring great wealth in the process and thus he was able to repay the rest of his debts and his military skill also LED his troops To declare him imperator in 60 BC an honorary title assumed by great military Commanders the gaining of the title imperator allowed Caesar to request a Triumph from the Senate which was a ceremony of Victory however for this to happen Caesar would have to remain a soldier until the ceremony was held and he
was already scheming to take the position of conso the most senior political position in Rome thus he would have to enter Rome As a citizen and forgo the Triumph he had earned Caesar made a request to the Senate that the Triumph be held in his absence but this was prevented by who filibustered at the Senate talking long into the night to prevent Caesar's request being heard thus Caesar had to choose and he chose the chance to take the consul ship over the Triumph Caesar stood and won the consulship for the year 59 BC under Roman
law two consuls were elected each year and Caesar's fellow Consul was a conservative Marcus calpernius bibus who was married to K's daughter Poria however the election was by all accounts marked by bribery even Kato well known for his upright approach was said to have condoned bribery if it prevented Caesar winning bibulus and Caesar had worked together before as both had been cural adile in 56 BC and both pror in 62 BC But they had formed a mutual hostility towards each other suetonius records that the Senate decided to give Caesar control over mere woods and pastures
after his time in office rather than the usual important strategic areas of command this was a measure aimed at limiting Caesar's political power Caesar however had no intention of letting this happen angry at the Senate's decision Caesar decided to win over pompy who was himself AG grieved that the senate had Failed to ratify the settlements he had gained in the third mithridatic war he also Enlisted the support of crus although crus and pompy had been Rivals for some time prior to the alliance being formed they were both politically powerful and Caesar managed to pacify the
tempestuous relationship between them and created a powerful political alliance between the three men this pact became known as the first triumverate or rule of three men Accounts of this time differ as to whether the alliance occurred in 60 BC before the Consular election or in 59 BC after it but what is known is that pompy married Cesar's daughter Julia in 59 BC to strengthen this diplomatic relationship and Caesar also o invited the high ranking politician and philosopher Marcus tulus Cicero to join the alliance but he declined the offer on the grounds that it might undermine
the Republic one of Caesar's first acts as Consul was to ensure his own governorship of CIS Alpine Gul in ayia for a period of 5 years thus enabling him to begin his conquest of Gaul and when in 56 BC the agreement between the three men was renewed at the Luca conference Caesar retained his governor ships for another 5 years and added transalpine gold to the list this gave him command of four Legions whilst pompy was given control of hispania and crus Was allocated Syria Caesar's rise to political prominence at this time marked his greatest achievement
to date and measures passed during Caesar's consulship of 59 BC Illustrated the commitment of his popularis party to the common people of Rome for example he introduced The Agrarian bill which saw land reforms in Campania assigning land to poor citizens of Rome with more than three children and this strengthened Popular support for his leadership in the Republic The Agrarian Bill supported by pompy and crus was delayed by K the younger and the other optimates Senators even though Caesar had made it fair and balanced to appease the optimates they feared it would bring him great support
and giving L to the poor was against their own conservative pro- aristocratic Bel beliefs pulus the other conso for 59 BC Also opposed the bill saying he wanted no new Innovations in his year in office and he helped in the delaying tactics of the Senate eventually running out of ideas he declared a sacred period for the rest of the year meaning that no further political business could take place Caesar soon lost patience with his opponents and whilst Kato was making a speech against him at the rostra the large platform outside the Senate Caesar's bodyguard guards
arrested him However Caesar later relented and freed his enemy again although Caesar decided to put the issue of The Agrarian Bill to the plean council to let the people decide thereafter he did not convene the Senate again for the rest of his consulship continuing to propose motions to the plean council instead on the day the vote was due both Kato and bibulus tried to Rous public opinion against Caesar but Caesar ignored this and continued with the vote Bibulous subjection and denounced the bill on the steps of the Temple of Castor and Pollock but the people
turned on him covering him in feces and bibulous urged the crowd to kill him to end his embarrassment but then his fellow Senators helped him to escape and subsequently the bill was passed the following day bibulus attended the Senate and requested that the bill be repealed but this was refused and after his humiliating defeat He retreated to his home from where bibulus occasionally issued complaints and made proclamations of bad Omens aimed at undermining and possibly repealing any laws passed by Caesar but his actions resulted in attacks on his house by supporters of Caesar and pompy
the matter degenerated into the slinging of insults with supporters of Caesar and the first triumvirate joking that the two consoles for 59 BC were Julius and Caesar mocking bibulus is Lack of power whilst bibulus retaliated by calling Caesar queen of bethenia in reference to the rumors of an affair he was sent to have had with the king of bethenia and he also accused Caesar of involvement in the calinar and conspiracy Roman society saw submission or passivity during sex as an indication of inferiority regardless of gender so raising questions of homosexuality may have been a way
for Caesar's enemies to slander or humiliate him especially as Those who wrote about it included Cicero and bibulus such demeaning of political opponents was common in Roman society and the accusations were denied by Caesar during his lifetime it was at this time that the vettius incident occurred when a plean named vettius ran into the forum armed with a knife and tried to stab Caesar and pompy and after being apprehended he admitted he had been sent by Cicero K and bibulus and had been given the Dagger by one of the latter's bodyguards after being imprisoned overnight
beus was found dead in the cells the next morning and Caesar claimed he had been killed by the optimates so that he would not expose their plot however casassus Doo suggested that the whole matter may have been invented by Caesar to discredit the optim Mattis Kato continued his opposition to the triumverate and attempted to prevent Caesar becoming governor of valyria and CIS Alpine goul he also opposed the appointment of crus in Syria but these efforts failed and at the end of his consulship in late 59 BC Caesar left for his provinces he also escaped any
consequences for possible irregularities whilst in office due to the immunity from prosecution that came with his governorship post for the next 5 Years also during his year as Consul Caesar had married again this time to The 17-year-old caleria ponus she was the daughter of the powerful Senator Lucius calpernius piso cinus who had become console himself in 58 BC caleria was younger than Julia her stepdaughter through her marriage to Caesar a shy humble woman she would turn a blind eye to her husband's many infidelities remaining a faithful and virtuous wife for the whole of their marriage
Caesar was said to have seduced the wives of many prominent men Including both of his allies in the first triumvirate his lovers were also said to include K's half-sister civilia the mortanian queen yuno and most famously Cleopatra the last pharaoh of Egypt indeed Caesar's affair with cleop Patra is said to have led to the birth of a son known as Tommy the 15th or cesarian it has also been suggested that Marcus Junius Brutus cilia's Son and one of Caesar's eventual assassins may have been fathered by him although this is Debatable but it has also been
claimed that civilia tried to tempt Caesar with the favors of her daughter Junior teria who was also rumored to be fathered by Caesar however there were to be no children for calpernia from their marriage and his ever faithful wife never remarried after he died in contrast the marriage between pompy and Caesar's daughter Julia was very successful as she was reputedly very beautiful and virtuous and he was Completely captivated by his Young Bride so much so that he opted to remain in Rome to oversee the Grain Stores instead of traveling to hispania his allocated Province indeed
it could be said that in allowing his beautiful daughter to marry pompy Caesar effectively nullified one of his strongest potential Rivals instead turning him into one of his strongest allies at least for the time being when Caesar left for the provinces at the end of 59 BC the triumvirate was Still able to exert its influence through pablus Clodius pure who had been elected one of the 10 tribunes of the plebs for 58 BC and he worked to make sure their wishes were complied with in Rome in order to advance their power the triumphant felt that
Kato's absence would be a great benefit so they sent Kato to Annex Cyprus appointing him to the office of quer propritor a post he initially refused but when Clodius conferred the commission on him through Legislation he reluctantly agreed to go and so K was removed from the center of Roman politics Clodius passed several laws benefiting the triumvirate and became a popular and powerful figure with the people following his success in dismissing KO he then conspired to get rid of Cicero by creating a law which meant exile for anyone who had executed a Roman citizen without
trial the law was obviously enacted with Cicero in mind as Clodius had a long-running feud with the great orator the law targeted Cicero's response to the calinar and conspiracy four years previously when he had executed those Under Suspicion without a trial The triumverate Wanted Cicero out of the way to stop him challenging any of Caesar's achievements from his consulship when Cicero found that help from his peers was absent he decided that he would indeed go into Exile and He left for thessalonica on the 23rd of May 58 BC after his departure Clodius who happened to
be Cicero's neighbor had his house confiscated by the state Clodius even arranged to purchase part of the property so he could extend his own home the remainder of Cicero's house was demolished and Clodius had the land consecrated and a temple built there called the Temple of Liberty meanwhile in Gaul in the summer of 58 BC Caesar faced off against the Swiss Kelts Including the helvetii tribe defeating them with his Army's Superior weaponry and military training at the Battle of arar in 58 BC he then decisively and swiftly dispatched the opposition at the Battle of PTI
capturing both the Son and Daughter of one of the wealthy helveti Aristocrats or goric and this Victory helped him secure the area beyond the Alps in modern day seah in France north of the river Ry Caesar fought against the sui a group of Germanic tribes who had planned to invade Gul and defeated them at the battle of v in eastern France the third major battle of the GIC Wars following the Battle Cesar installed the first ever bridge to cross the rine to allow a pursuit of his enemies north of the river then he returned and
dismantled the bridge giving his enemies no route to return the following year in 57 BC Caesar fought against the belgic tribes First defeating King galba of the suion tribe in the Battle of Axona he then nearly suffered defeat at the hands of bodu anaus leader of the nervi who launched a surprise attack on the Romans at the Battle of sabis however Caesar did eventually overcome the nervi along with other belgic tribes in northern France bringing the region under Roman rulership for the first time despite these victories during the GAC Wars Caesar came to face growing
Friction with his allies at home as pompy and crus were becoming resentful of his success as well as this in 57 BC the senate had voted to bring Cicero back from Exile at pompy's behest despite Clodius voting against the bill so Cicero returned and the College of pontiffs ruled that the consecration of his land had been unlawful allowing him to regain his land and rebuild his home on the Palatine in Rome before we continue a quick word from our sponsor Squarespace the market leader in website design whatever your website needs Squarespace has a design and
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own website domain meanwhile at the Luca Conference of 56 BC the first triumverate was renewed extending Caesar's Pro consulship in Gul for five more years and a new law was passed which forced Cicero to support the Triumph rout after the conference he raised Caesar's military achievements in Gul and requested that the Senate arrange a Thanksgiving for Caesar's great victories and a lot him funds to pay his troops following this Cicero would Retreat from politics and concentrate mainly on his literary works by 55 BC Caesar began expanding Rome's territory into the Germanic region of Europe he
faced an alliance of The tteri and usaes two Celtic tribes which had been removed from their lands by the German sui tribe around 60 BC in order to protect Gul from the tribes forced out of Germania Caesar approached the tankar in Yates at an area identified as kessle lith in the modern day Netherlands by the river Ry it is recorded that Caesar committed atrocities here by attacking the tribes during an Armistice which was met with great criticism from K the younger who Felt Caesar had committed genocide against those people as a consequence Kato attempted to
have Caesar handed over to the Germans the tanker and USP Pates employed delaying tactics including a supposed truce while they attempted to retrieve their Cavalry they did however eventually commit to battle against the Romans and were defeated Caesar was the first general to travel Beyond Roman territory into Germania when he crossed the river R and after his victory he retreated from Germania claiming dominance in the region so with Gaul conquered and the Germanic tribes almost entirely subjugated Caesar now had a firm base from which to attack Britain the pretext for Caesar's invasion of Britain was
the claim that the Britains were supporting his enemies in Gul and using this to justify an offensive against the Island's tribes Caesar became the first Roman leader to make an expedition to the then semi mythical Island Crossing the channel Caesar was made by a coalition of Celtic warriors led by one of the most prosperous and Powerful tribes in Britain the cat of alori who had watched the Romans approach from The Cliffs of DOA the Romans arrived eventually off the shore at deal at pegwell Bay in Kent by the North Sea Channel a conflict ensued As
the Roman legionaries approached the Shore by waiting through the water although they were initially held back by the Kelts they managed to advance in land overcoming the alliance of British tribes Caesar was successful in securing a foothold in land and proceeded to strike up alliances and defeat those who attacked his Fleet on the shoreline many on the island were hostile to the Romans While others acknowledged their superiority and sued for peace however Caesar would soon return to the continent unwilling to spend the winter on the Mysterious Island but intending to return at a later date
only a year after his first invasion of Britain Caesar attempted another more forceful incursion on the island this time he went unchallenged on his arrival in Kent as the Kelts were alarmed by this larger Fleet arriving on the Southeast coast this second attempt at subjugation would be more successful With Caesar defeating a Celtic Alliance led by Civ alones of the catalone tribe north of the temps Caesar later entered into an agreement with mandab braus the leader of the Tren Avantes to create a client Kingdom of his lands other tribes surrendered such as the sagne and
sigon tiaki who later revealed the whereabouts of Civ alus bringing his stand against the Romans to a halt and forcing him to pay tribute to the Republic once more unwilling to spend winter in Britain Caesar returned to Gaul where it seemed that an uprising over poor grain harvests could threaten Roman rule but the threat failed to fully materialize Caesar however would never again return to Britain in 53 BC following a decisive loss at the Battle of Karai in a conflict against the pthan empire carus was killed and this led to a power struggle in Rome
where pompy was soon Appointed sole Consul and the Republic was on the brink of Civil War however Caesar remained in Gaul until his term as Governor was at an end it was at this time that pomy married Cornelia a daughter of one of Caesar's political opponents quintus kilius metalis skipio she was much younger than pompy and the marriage was seen by the people as an inappropriate attempt to distract from the crisis going on in Rome at the time and this Only added to Pomp's unpopularity in the city where he was also seen as biased in
his pronouncements of a tri it could be said that it had been crus who had held the triumvirate together his political connections and great wealth balanced the political aspirations of the other two members and his influence acted as a check on them and this is demonstrated by the trium rid's demise immediately following cis' death however even before the death of Crus the relationship between Caesar and pompy had started to fray compounded by the death of Julia in 54 BC when she died giving birth according to sakica Caesar heard the news whilst in Britain and offered
pompy the hand of his great niece in marriage to maintain the political alliance between the two but pompy declined thus with the death of Julia the familial alliance between pompy and Caesar was ended and it was then that Pompy changed his Allegiance and sided with the opto mares in opposition to Caesar to the Delight of Marcus tulus Cicero and K the younger who continued to oppose Caesar and his party at every step what followed was unrest and Discord in Rome and an eventual power struggle between the remaining members of the triumvirate pompy and Caesar this
situation along with the lack of cis's restraining influence on the two men would eventually result in Civil War in Rome and so in 52 BC whilst Rome was in turmoil Caesar remained in Gaul and continued his campaign against the Waring tribes in the region he would come into conflict with vering a noble of the arer tribe versing had gone against the Nobles of his own tribe who had adopted a policy of avoidance of Caesar and his forces versing rallied support to fight the Romans but was expelled by some of his own tribesmen from their town
of Geovia so he raised an army returned to geovia overcame his opponents and was declared King of the Ary and with his new status he formed alliances with many many of the other gallic tribes and led the gallic offensive against the Romans Caesar called on Rome's allies the adoui people for Aid at the Battle of geovia although Caesar had persuaded the adoui leaders to join him they were tempted by arver emissaries with Promises of wealth and turned on the Roman forces attacking the Roman supply chain Caesar then surrounded and defeated the adoui rebels and after
regaining their loyalty they joined him in the offensive but versing took advantage of confusion between the Roman and adoui and ordered a cavalry charge which inflicted huge losses on the Roman force and Caesar was forced to retreat northeastwards in the direction of adoy territory suffering his first loss of the gallic Wars venet was a harsh leader who imposed strict discipline on his troops and took hostages he also adopted a scorched Earth policy whereby he would burn the strongholds of his countrymen to stop the Romans replenishing their supplies and after the battle of geovia he burned
the lands on his March North to meet cesa once again later in 52 BC Bing was persuaded to spare the capital of the bitter iges at aarum from burning the inhabitants Protested that the town one of the largest gag cities in the region had a strong and easily defended position so he camped outside the town instead however when the Romans arrived and laid Siege to aaram The Fortress fell and the Romans captured the capital the Romans had overpowered the gul's defenses and massacred almost 40,000 men this had followed a long standoff against the guls who
fought to the death unwilling to give up what they Perceived to be their homelands following this Caesar arrested his men at avaricum until early June when he marched North and met versing GS again at the Battle of Alisia in eastern Gaul it was to be the last significant confrontation of versat is Uprising Alysia was a fortified settlement on a high hill with rivers to two sides and so as its defenses were so strong Caesar decided to form a blockade around the settlement and besiege it Over several days starving the 880,000 strong Army along with the
civilians who lived there to do this his forces built 10 miles of fortifications with 24 RS or towers around Alysia consisting of a rampart with 11 foot high Palisades behind this were battlements with openings for shooting through and wooden breast height screens with Stakes to prevent scaling growing increasingly desperate versing gatar sent for Relief forces From neighboring tribes and when Caesar heard of this he ordered the construction of an outer ring of fortifications and the digging of three trenches one far from the defenses which was manned to alert of nighttime or surprise attacks one in
a trench a trap disguised Ed with twigs and branches and the one closest to the fortifications was filled with water from the river but before long with food running short the old and the SE of the Town were forced To leave the settlement and Caesar refused to give them Sanctuary sealing their Doom then when the gallic reinforcements under vasive Al lorus a cousin of vering arrived they launched an attack from outside on the Roman fortifications and simultaneously the GS within Alisia mounted the assault on the fortifications within concentrating on one particular point but to no
avail as Caesar's trusted Lieutenant Mark Anthony Successfully reinforced their hard pressed Legions with troops from across the neighboring Roman garrisons and held off the attack after this the GS assaulted the Roman defenses in one last ditched attempt to break the Invader resistance and just when the G reinforcements began to infiltrate the walls surrounding Alysia Caesar led a Cavalry conent beyond the defenses and attacked the goals from behind sparking a route meaning that before long all the Reinforcements under Vass alus were in headlong Retreat and so Julius Caesar had won one of the most famous battles
in the history of Rome and indeed the world the next day vering Gat held a meeting of his Kinsman and suggested he should either be killed or be handed over to the Romans to request clemency and save his remaining people after which Caesar ordered the GS to put down their weapons and deliver their Chieftain to him thus vering was Surrendered to caesa and the captives the Romans had taken were given to the legionaries as slaves the winning of the siege of Alysia was the final battle of Caesar's GIC Wars and marked the end of organized
resistance against the Romans it also marked the end of Rome's first fully fledged subjugation of the GIC tribes covering the northern regions of Europe spanning current Northern Italy France Belgium and including parts of Germany vering was held captive by Caesar for 5 years eventually in 46 BC as part of the celebrations for Caesar's Triumph he was dragged through the streets and then executed by strangulation to this day he is considered a folk hero by the people of his native region in modern day over in France although some versions of Roman history suggest that the tribes
of Europe were simply Savages they were in fact well organized powerful and Wealthy With stable social groups and thus Caesar's success across Europe was an incredible military feat it also meant that Rome's territory doubled in size however Caesar prosecuted the war with great ruthlessness and was responsible according to Roman accounts for killing up to 1 million people and enslaving a million more following the victory at Alisia the gag wars were effec effectively over and Caesar's thoughts turned back to Rome in 50 BC the Senate ordered Caesar to disband his forces and return to Rome to
be relieved of his command as his governorship was at an end however Caesar's supporters argued for an extension to his command in G to consolidate his victories unsurprisingly Kato argued against this as he felt Caesar was becoming too powerful with the money and Prestige he was gaining from his military successes pompy initially supported And backed him to stand for the post of Consul in absentia while still in Gul however Kato insisted he must return as a private citizen to stand for office but Caesar would not give up his command as he feared the move was
a ruse to have him arrested as soon as he relinquished his military immunity consequently pompy accused Caesar of treason and failing to follow orders once his conquest of Gul was complete Caesar chose to return to Rome Feeling he had been backed into a corner he had no other option but to enter into conflict with his opponents and he famously crossed the Rubicon River in Northern Italy and invaded his own country on the 10th of January 49 BC in Crossing the Rubicon Caesar had legally committed treason as he had refused to return to Rome without his
army as the senate had requested this action ultimately brought Civil War to Rome on crossing the river suetonius Records that Caesar quoted the Athenian play write menander in Greek stating aliaa esto or let the die be cast showing he knew that now there was no going back ultimately the resulting conflict which is known as Caesar's Civil War lasted for close to 3 years and included battles in Spain and France with neither side managing to gain a conclusive victory until finally pompy conjured up a small Triumph at the Battle of derium In Macedonia on the 10th
of July 48 BC but despite this the Battle of faralis shortly afterwards on the 9th of August 48 BC would prove to be the deciding confrontation of the war and would secure both Julius Caesar and pompy's names in the annals of history in the leadup to the confrontation Caesar's forces were at a considerable disadvantage as they were exhausted and had meager Provisions after the battle of derium their numbers Totaling 22,000 legionaries in 80 Co horts whereas pompy's own forces were comprised of 40,000 men in 11 Legions or 88 cohorts with auxiliary infantry and between 3,000
and 6,000 Cavalry who greatly outnumbered Caesar's own Horsemen after taking up a strong position pompy ordered his forces to wait for Caesar's Army to approach and so Caesar's front two lines of infantry led by Mark Anthony and nias Demus calvinus started an advance stopping to R W and regroup once within Javelin throwing distance before continuing and meeting pompy's Legions in a Fierce and bloody melee after this Pomp's Cavalry on his Left Flank was ordered to attack Caesar's own Cavalry who they greatly outnumbered successfully pushing them back but when they attempted to wheel around and behind
Caesar's army they were confronted by hidden Legions who used their javelins as Spears to Halt their foes and were soon routed as a Result and so with his enemy's Left Flank wide open Caesar's hidden Legions outflanked pompy's Army whilst his battle hardened veterans in his third line reinforced his Center eventually causing pompy's Legions to break Rank and flee the battlefield granting Caesar victory in both the battle and the war pompy then fled to Egypt where he was ultimately assassinated in September 48 BC on the orders of the unic advisor of Pho toid Theos Philipa of
the toic Dynasty toid was the 13-year-old brother of Queen CLE Patra and had ruled with her jointly as husband and wife since 51 BC but she had been deposed by him and had fled to Syria in the spring of 48 BC Caesar followed pompy to Egypt leaving his General Mark Anthony who had served him Faithfully in control of Rome however by the time Caesar arrived in Egypt pompy had already been assassinated and Caesar was presented with pompy's head and seal ring he Received this gruesome gift in tears and put pompy's assassins to death in an
act of Revenge Tommy appeared to have acted in Caesar's interest but Caesar was not pleased although Caesar tried to reconcile Tommy with Cleopatra his terms were seen as favoring the pharaoh's elder sister and enemy Cleopatra so the two leaders were soon engaged in open Warfare with Caesar forging a political alliance with Cleopatra and while Serving as co-c commanders in Alexandria in 48 BC an intimate relationship between Caesar and Cleopatra began as Tommy laid Siege to the city Alexandria withstood to's forces who besieged the city for several months until the spring of 47 BC when Caesar
was relieved by mithradates of pergam the Warfare culminated in the battle of the Nile where tmy was defeated and drowned trying to cross the river following this Victory Cleopatra gave Birth to Caesar's alleged son cesarian who was formerly known in Egypt as Tommy the 15th Caesar and she ruled as co-regent with her younger brother as Queen Cleopatra iith Caesar and Cleopatra celebrated their Victory by processing along the Nile in a barge accompanied by 400 other ships and Cleopatra introduced Caesar to the luxurious privileges of the Egyptian Royals their relationship continued and Cleopatra visited Rome more
than once Staying in Caesar's Villa outside the city Caesar subsequently turned his attention to Armenia and the king of pontis bases II bases had taken the opportunity of Caesar's preoccupation with Egypt to occupy his father mith ratti's old territory and had successfully expanded his kingdom of the Bosphorus by invading capadia vinia and Armenia pava in 48 BC committing brutalities against the Romans in these Regions the king of pontus had defeated Caesar's legate now Demus calvinus at the Battle of nicopolis but it was heard that the atrocities against Roman prisoners and civilians occurred when fasses heard
of Caesar's approach he sent emissaries to sue for peace however Caesar refused angered by the massacres and committed him to fight at the Battle of zala in what is now turkey on the 2nd of August 47 BC which resulted in a resounding victory for the Romans barasi escaped with his life and fled from Caesar but he was soon traged down by Demus and defeated once more when he lost copi to the Romans he then fled to the Bosphorus and was killed in battle the rapid dispatch of fases within just 5 days LED Caesar to comment
in a letter he sent back to Rome ven V vichi which translates as the famous phrase I came I saw I conquered according to the historian suetonius the same three words were displayed Prominently at Caesar's Triumph for the victory at zalah Caesar then went on to Africa where on the 4th of January 46 BC he was defeated by Titus lanus at raspa but he later went on to gain victory over K's Ally quintis kilus metalis skipio who had been in Alliance with King Juba the first of New Media at thsis in modern day Tunisia however
in April 46 BC after the battle Caesar would not accept the surrender of skipio troops but had them All slaughtered instead on hearing of the defeat Kato committed suicide rather than having to live in a world led by Caesar after hearing of their father's death in Egypt pompy's sons nias and seus pompus had joined their father's allies in Africa but nias escaped after the battle of thus to the Bic islands where he joined his brother sexus and they traveled to hispania modern-day Spain and Portugal and raised an army with Titus labienus and on the 17th
of March 45 BC they met Caesar's forces at the battle of Mund as both sides had large forces and were well L the opposing armies were well matched but Caesar eventually prevailed routing the pompeian side and killing 30,000 of their troops Titus labienus was killed and granted the right of burial by Caesar but nias and sexus managed to escape however just a few weeks later Nas pompy's eldest son was killed at the Battle of Loro but Sexus managed to survive and outli his brother by another 10 years it was now evident that Caesar had won
the Civil War and on his return to Rome in April 46 BC he held an extravagant celebration of a quadruple Triumph for his victories over Gaul Egypt fasis II in the Bosphorus and King Juba in numidia the Greek historian apion of Alexandria recorded that although the war in Africa had been the last Resistance of Kato and skipio and the triumph included pictures of the Fallen Romans Caesar was careful not to celebrate their loss he framed the victory as one over Africa Instead This was done so as not to displease the Roman people as they would
not be happy to celebrate the loss of Rome's own Sons indeed the people were said to have groaned when they saw the images of Kato and skipio and even Caesar did not dare to include an image of pompy who was Missed by the people of Rome after the Triumph Caesar distributed money to the people he gave 5,000 dinari to each Soldier 10,000 dinari to each Centurion 20,000 dinari to each military Tribune and prefect of Cavalry plus 100 dinari to every member of the plebs he also built the temple of Venus genetrix as he had vowed
to do on the eve of the battle of falis he had a Precinct built around the temple and placed a statue of clear Patra next to The Statue of Venus for all to see in 46 BC after his victory of thsis Caesar's status and popularity were substantial within Rome and he had been appointed as dictator for a period of 10 years whilst ruling over Rome Caesar continued to enact populist policies as he had done when he was Consul such as regulating the redistribution of State subsidized grain reforming taxes offering support for War veterans and passing
laws restricting the purchase of Certain luxury products he also restructured the debt laws and so eliminated a quarter of all debts owed and rewarded families with many children to help repopulate Rome at the same time he provided citizenship rights to those on the farthermost regions of the Empire reduced the government deficit and expanded the number of representatives for the people within the Senate Caesar also left 300,000 cies to each Roman citizen in his will which is An indication of the great wealth he had accured during his conquests to restrict the political power of His opponents
he passed a law that limited the time in office for Governors and he also outlawed professional guilds from which organizations many political subversives had originated Caesar's clemency with many of his enemies gained him a reputation as a fair and honorable leader whilst news of his many victories gained him Great popularity with the Roman people during his time as dictator he also introduced a new constitution to Rome which had three main goals the first was to bring order to The Republic by suppressing all resistance in the provinces the second was to create a strong central government
for Rome and the third was to unite all the provinces As One Republic in order to achieve these aims Caesar had to increase his political Control and to this end he began to increase his personal powers and decreased those of political institutions it was in January 45 BC that Caesar implemented his most long-lasting reform when he commissioned the Julian calendar the Roman Calendar at the time was governed by the movement of the Moon and Caesar replaced it with the Egyptian calendar which was based on the sun setting the year length to 365.25 days the quarter
day was adjusted For by adding a leap year every 4 years which had an extra day in February the new calendar began on the 1st of January 45 BC and would remain in use until it was replaced by the Gregorian calendar in 1582 it was the most accurate calendar produced by the ancient world Caesar also announced in 45 BC that his Heir in the Julian Dynasty would be his sister Julia's grandson gas Octavius commonly known as Octavian who Later became Augustus Caesar Caesar adopted Octavian as his own son leaving him vast Estates and wealth at
his will Caesar also declared that if Octavian were to die before him then desus Junius Brutus albinus who was loved by Caesar as a son would be the next to succeed Caesar was well received by many in Rome especially those of the outer provinces whom he placed into central government to elevate his influence he received a number of accolades during This time including an imperator for his success as a general he was also made responsible for presiding over the Senate as Consul and in February 44 BC 1 month before his assassination he was appointed dictator
of Rome for life as such Caesar became the deao ruler of the Republic also at this time he was declared Peter Patria or father of the Fatherland and the month of quintillus was renamed as July in his honor the announcement of Caesar's Status as dictator for life was a great concern for the opposition opto mares as they feared he would overthrow the Republic and establish a monarchy a month after he was declared dictator Mark Anthony placed a Golden Crown on Caesar's head crowning him like a king during the annual Lupia Festival this was not well
received by Caesar and he knocked the crown away from his head claiming that Jupiter should receive the crown as only he was King of the Romans However some historians think this incident may have been staged by the two men the further Honors that Caesar received may have precipitated the plot to assassinate him or at least they were used as justifications by the perpetrators SE was given a golden chair in the Senate he was allowed to wear triumphal dress at his whim his statue was placed next to those of the Kings and Denarius coins were issued
bearing His Image he was also offered a popular Cult with Mark Anthony as his high priest many senate members were affronted by the honors Caesar received which they felt likened him to a King they worried that Caesar would claim the title of king of Rome and so put the future of the Republic in Jeopardy they also felt that Rome would be adversely affected by his populist policies and wished to see the state return to conservative ideologies and ancient Roman Traditions there were over 60 conspirators against Caesar many of whom were supporters of pompy however there
were four main co-conspirators who led the assassination plot the first was desus Junius Brutus albinus a Roman general and politician whom Caesar loved like a son the second gas trebonius who was a pror and conso who had served under Caesar's command in Spain the third was gas cassus longinus the man considered to have proposed the idea of Killing Caesar who had previously served with both crus and pompy whilst the fourth was Marcus Junius Brutus who had fought side by side with pompy as Marcus Junius Brutus was the son of Caesar's mistress some have speculated that
Caesar was the father of one of his Assassins but this seems unlikely as he was only 15 years older than Brutus the assassination of Caesar was carefully planned the Senate meeting Location chosen for the IDS of March which was the 15th of March 44 BC was the theater of pompy Caesar was due to ATT end and the Assassins had brought concealed weapons into the meeting undetected and so they waited for the dictator's entrance Mark Anthony on his way to the theater had been way laid by tonius or Brutus albinus according to Plutarch as The Conspirator
had arranged he had learned of the proposed assassination The night before from publicus civilus cascar longus and the conspirators feared he would come to Caesar's Aid it is unclear whether Caesar was aware of any plot to kill him but he had relieved his bodyguards months prior to the Senate meeting suggesting he was confident of his safety on the morning of his murder an unwell Caesar was asked by his wife keria not to go to the Senate but Caesar was encouraged by desus Brutus not to let the Senators Down and so he arrived at the meeting
late with a large body of followers Plutarch wrote that on his arrival at the theater Caesar was met by tillia Simba who presented him with a petition requesting the recall of his exiled brother however uned Caesar waved him away despite the other conspirators crowding around to supposedly offer support simber then grabbed Caesar by the shoulders and pulled down his tunic to which Caesar retorted ISM Vis EST Meaning why this is violence the other conspirators then began stabbing Caesar during the assassination Caesar received 23 stab wounds and lacerations to the body and face his first wound
a stab to the neck or shoulder was inflicted by Casa and Caesar turned and caught Casa by the arm saying Casa you villain then a slash to the face was delivered by Casas and the brother of cascus titius delivered a blow to the ribs desus Brutus struck Caesar with a significant wound to the leg and he was sub quently stabbed in the groin as he lay dying on the ground by Marcus Brutus the whole group began stabbing at once in a frenzy so much so that they injured each other Caesar tried to escape but blinded
by Blood he fell defenseless on the steps of the Portico the remaining conspirators inflicted a number of stab wounds to his lifeless body following the initial attack with The wound to the ribs being considered the Fatal Blow by modern experts as Caesar's dying body lay under the statue of pompy Caesar is said to have remarked before his death kaai suon in Greek meaning you too my child possibly to Marcus Brutus although the veracity of this claim is debated but Shakespeare would later immortalize the line in his phrase at to brute meaning and You Brutus in
his 16th century play Julius Caesar a line which illustrates The anguish Caesar must have felt over the Betrayal of one he had both trusted and loved in the aftermath of the event Caesar's body was carried home by slaves while those responsible for the killing attended the Temple of Jupiter on capitaline hill to discuss the day's events and many of those dissatisfied with Caesar tried to confiscate his property and retract the laws he had put in place but this was stopped by Mark Anthony who also prevented the slain Leader's body being thrown into the Tyber River
Caesar's funeral took place on the 20th of March and he was laid to rest at his family's tomb by the field of Mars with his body crated close by at the Roman Forum where later the Temple of Caesar would be built despite Caesar's successes and service to Rome he was assassinated by members of the Senate including his named successor after Octavian Brutus albinus as well as Marcus Brutus the son of his own mistress civilia and her son-in-law casassus and news of his death was not received well by the middle and lower class Romans with many
becoming hostile as Caesar had been good to them and they were outraged that a small group of aristocrats had killed their leader and so at his funeral the angry mob threw branches and clothing on Caesar's funeral P causing an uncontrolled fire Which damaged The Forum although the optimates had killed Caesar in an effort to preserve the Roman Republic in reality their actions precipitated its downfall as Mark Anthony seeking to capitalize on his former comrade's death manipulated ated the Roman mob which rounded on the optimates attacking the homes of Marcus Brutus and casassus and according to
suetonius those responsible for his death died by the very daggers that had Slain Caesar either committing suicide after the fact or dying in battle in the ensuing Civil War and consequent end of the Roman Republic that followed his death ultimately it would be Julius Caesar's named Heir Octavian who would seize his adopted father's mantle and end the the Roman Republic as after he and Mark Anthony defeated casassus and Marcus Brutus at the Battle of Philippi in Macedonia in 42 BC a power struggle then erupted between Octavian and Mark Anthony and his lover Cleopatra from which
Octavian also emerged Victorious at the Battle of actium in 31 BC Paving the way for the suicide of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra ultimately resulting in octavien proclaiming himself Rome's first emperor Augustus in 27 BC in Caesar's time senior politicians made their name by Conquest he was not born to rule nor was he expected to become the sole ruler of Rome or play a major role in the fall of the Roman Republic But his militaristic skill and political intelligence made him excel in his chosen path and secured his Destiny as arguably the greatest ever leader of
Rome indeed many consider Julius Caesar to be not only one of the most most resourceful intelligent and cunning politicians in human history but he is also considered to be one of the greatest military leaders that has ever lived as the Strategic and tactical Brilliance he displayed has been studied And written about by countless Kings generals politicians and writers over the last two Millennia his rise to become ruler is unquestionably impressive and his decisions were shaped by the politics of the era as well as his own personality traits his popular style and Military strategies have been
emulated Through Time more recently by military leaders such as Napoleon using his influence to carve out their own places in history as Well as this Caesar's life has been the focus of some of the most famous writers in the world including Shakespeare and these works as well as Caesar's own Latin writings have brought the name of Julius Caesar to a worldwide audience Caesar was at once compassionate but arrogant reasonable but superstitious noted writer of works such as the GIC Wars studied today by students of Latin as well as a great orator and poet his influence
on history Is arguably unsurpassed the ambition and militaristic Genius of Caesar was undoubtedly immense his lifetime achievements a valuable historical lesson from which we derive many political and legal systems today with thriving cities and sprawling territories RS was the dominant superpower of the day and although today Caesar actions could be labeled tyrannical his populist ideologies made him not only one of the most prominent Figures in Roman politics but they also solidified his position as one of the greatest leaders to arise from the ancient world what do you think of Julius Caesar was he a power
hungry schemer with a God complex or was he an Ardent social reformer for the poorest citizens of Rome and the greatest political and military mind the world has ever seen let us know in the comments section and in the time thank you very much for Watching we would like to draw your attention to our revamped patreon and buy me a coffee membership Pages which contain rewards and perks such as Early Access to our content merchandise discounts and audio versions of our videos along with much more that we give to our valued supporters if you have
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