Módulo 1 - Aula 4.2 - Shengenn Fan

[Music] well this is shangan fan from China Agriculture University it is my great honor to share with you some of the experiences and lessons of the Chinese agricultural or agrarian re forms for the last several decades I think China and brazils are the two largest countries one in Asia one in Native America these two countries have enough to share to learn from each other and to work with each other so it is our interest to work with Brazilian colleagues to make sure that you know we can contribute to our own food security but the meantime we could also contribut to Global Food security so I will share some PowerPoints with you just to share uh what I have learned for the last three decades so I will speak on three issues one is progress of China's agrarian development for the last several decades the second is evolution of China's policies and actions the third is to look forward how can Chinese Agri food system be transformed for for better environment for Better Health and a better income for Rural population so clearly for the last several decades China has achieved quite a bit in terms of food security so by 2023 China's per capita grain production is about 493 kg per per almost 500 kg which is above 400 kg used by f fail to help the countries to achieve food security and obviously vegetable vegetable and Foods production have also shown remarkable growth so for example in 2022 the Chinese per capital consumption of vegetables is about 567 kg per person the fruit is about 222 kg per person and obviously meat consumption has also increased well of course during the African swine fever and covid-19 the Chinese meat production has declined for a little bit but for the last two or three years meat consumption meat consumption have resumed and Farmers income have increased as a result for example in 2013 the farmers's average income is less than 10,000 ring beam per year but in 2023 the farmers's income has already reached more than 20,000 reming be per year so more than doubled in 10 years and the growth of per per capital income in rural areas has been faster than urban areas so the Gap has been narrowed although the Gap is still very large so the hunger has been larg and resolved in China so before the CH Chinese reform particular acult reform in the late 70s most of the Chinese people are poor and hungry but after two or three decades reform by 2010 the CH China has largely resolved its hunger problem to the hunger Nevel or the prevalence of H Nar is less than 2. 5% so this contribution this has contributed to mdgs achievement to cutting hunger and the poverty by half between 2000 and 2015 obviously China has achieved that goal it has also helped the world for achieving that goal the dietory diversity has also improved we know that before the reform in the 70s the Chinese diet was majorly grains vegetables not much meat not much milk not much eggs and not much fish but by 2019 the fruit milk eggs fish meat consumption have doubled the man more than triple for example fruit has increased from 30 kg to almost 60 kg between 1997 and 2019 little bit over two decades meat consumption has tripled from 20 kg to 60 kg the milk yeah increased by 78 times from 2. 4 kg to 19 kg and the eggs from 7 kg to 12 kg fish 5 kg to 20 kg and the difference between urban and rural residents at gradually Nar however new challenge has merged overweight obesity has increased rapidly in China so in 2020 almost half of the Dos in China will overweight all and 6.

9 million children and five will overweight so this will need to many many chronic diseases heart diseases diabetes cancers and even more and the natural resources challenges and the emission of greenhouse gas emission from agre Food Systems so nearly 70% of cultivated land in China is classified as low and medium fertility land and for the last several decades more land has been degraded and 90% of grass Nets have been degraded by varing degrees and importantly wetlands have been degraded water scarcity so in China per capital Water Resources is only about 20 2% of the global average and in dangel species 60 to 70% of original distribution sites of water Rice have disappeared or shrunk we know that China is the origin of rice but the white rice white rice species have dispar very quickly the greenhouse gas emissions from 1997 to 2018 so the emissions are roughly from 900 million towns to 1 billion towns from 1997 to 2012 it was increase but after 2017 the emissions have come down largely because of reduction foot application and many environmental policies but nevertheless the greenhouse gas emissions from agricol food is still quite big more than 10% of the total greenhouse gas gas emissions in China so all these changes are the result of the policies and actions so China started theand reform right right after the country was funded in 1949 so land was distributed to Farmers before the Land Reform 80% of farmers didn't have n and all the N is owned by a majority of the N is owned by Lands but after 1949 techly in 195 52 most of the land has been redistributed to small holder Farmers so every farmer has had access to land and that sort of a decentralized man connective system went through until 1957 1958 when the connectiv isation began so from 1957 1958 to 1978 the Chinese agriculture production was very much cized by the commune production teams and even small village teams so very much centralized the farmers had to work connectively and sld their products to the states at low prices but this all changed in 1978 so China began to reform its agriculture sector by lionizing its land red dispute the land to all Farmers again so by 1983 the production respons respons responsibility system replaced the old Collective farming system and as a result the productivity has increased rapidly so from 1978 to 1984 agriculture production and productivity have increased by more than 6% per an to me this has been the biggest change that has resulted resting largest poverty reduction largest hunger reduction so China obviously begin to urbanize after 980 so in 1994 China introduced a basic Farmland regulation to protect the land otherwise rapid urbanization will take lots of land that will limit agriculture prod production that will leaded to the U challenges in food and nutrition security the 2001 is a big milestone for China in that year China joined WTO all economy begin to be liberalized said to be integrated to World economy as part of that effort to agricultural import tariffs and decreased from 42% in early 1990s to only 14% in 2020 obviously because of this large Imports the farmers income may suffer so in 2004 the government began to use certain subsidies to protect Farmers income direct grain subsidies comprhensive subsidies for agriculture inputs agriculture Machinery purchasing subsidies and so on and in 2006 China abolished agriculture taxes which exist for Thousand Years in the Chinese history to the first time the Chinese Farmers didn't need to pay taxes then 2007 agriculture Insurance subsidies also began to take off in 2008 the tempor temporary purchase of storage policy for Maze soing and a rap seate so farmers don't need to worry about the market then in 2013 the government launched a large effort to reduce poverty poverty anation strategy and 2014 and China begin to use uh sort of even more subsidy policies or support policy to cover more crops for example soy coton rap seed and Ma and in 2015 the Chinese government launched a poverty elim elimination poverty so it's not just a poverty reduction or poverty alleviation it's poverty elimination so eliminate all poverty in 2015 obviously agricultural policy also begin to reform for example in 2016 the um feriz application begin to decline largely because government set up a zero growth ferer policy zero growth in chemical feriz and so and in 20 18 only two crops can receive government subsidy that is rise and weight C base soy beam R SE subsidies have stopped and by 2020 China has L has largely eliminated poty we know that by definition the hunga has also been eliminated so throughout the China has used the government support policy to make sure that farmers will receive decent income to make sure that the the country will produce enough food but that subsidy has increased over time so for example between 2018 and 2020 the Chinese total support estimate accounted for 22% of Agriculture GDP so this is close to World average of 23% and higher than 12 emerging economies and lower than average of oecd countries which is about 42% and from 2010 to 20 20120 the sum of major supports the director production support and the general servic support increased from 368. 81 to 63.