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form a pile of of lava that actually can't really flow because it's under water so it will crumble and develop and pillows little pillows now that's usually the initial phase of these subglacial and submarine eruptions but as the eruption progresses it becomes more explosive and magma and starts fragmenting and forming ash and volcanic sediments the pile on top of the pillow and as the eruption progresses you know parts of these pillows actually started fragmenting and breaking in and they these are introduced into into the no action in sediments that kind of know will follow and
flow down the slopes of the volcano and here you see no fragments of of pillow pillow lava introduced into another fine-grained of volcanic ash of this sedimentary rock here how a class type so if I show you here for example this is a know a piece of a high low class site you see it's well cemented it it has become rock hard rock and this is just means that the ash has been altered and we call this process of alteration Halligan ization when you when you alter the volcanic glass into this brownish hard rock that
you see here but notice that there are larger grains within the sediment and these are and pieces of lava that were incorporated into into these volcanic ash and sediment and transported in density currents or other types of processes that eventually generated these these rock here it's interesting that when how a class type is hardened it will resist erosion and that's why you see that this this cliff here and all these cliffs you have beside behind me and they are preserved because the process alteration that hardens the rock and prevents erosion [Music] mu novecientos SSM peter's
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Attica dumar poor n say request advantage in sarah mazzucci para guarantee resistencia para simply [Music] now the process of alteration that alters the volcanic ash and transforms it into hard rock or the process of Palawan ization was thought actually earlier to be a very long process but in a search eruption 1963 we did see a volcano emerge from the sea and in the magma interacted with the seawater explosively and accumulated informed actually an island of volcanic ash like this and within two years that pile of ash had been actually started showing signs of alteration of
polygon ization and today actually over 90 percent of that island is altered or Paladin eyes so that actually it shows that this process of the alteration is a rapid process and follows as a continuation of hot water's percolating through the the ashes and and bringing the alteration and in the case of Surtsey the tooth cone that is actually today pol organized is most likely to resist wave erosion and as the island shrinks with time that part of the volcano which is hardened into hollow hasta is most likely to to resist them be preserved so search
they since it since they cease it emerged from the sea it has actually decreased about 50 percent since 1963 and predictions say that only the core of the island will be preserved in about 100 years from now and that Cersei will at some point just look like the other islands there are around the Westman Islands only with a Holocaust I'd core and that seems to be the future of search thing I wrote some key for Mossad say no FOIA premarin al-hakim approving NC da smoochy + c surahs a formal sistema volcano submarine low a capella
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I'm actually sitting on top of a lava flow this rock here when it came out of a crack in the earth and flowed across the surface there was obviously nothing growing on it and yet right now you can see it's it's covered with plants there are many different kinds of things there are lichens here there are mosses there are flowering plants lots and lots of different plants growing in quite quite quite an abundance around me how did they get here what what happened what what was it that allowed these plants to start growing on a
surface that was sterile when it started out this is something that is called ecological succession it's the process by which plants and other organisms begin to live on on rocks and in other unoccupied areas in many places it's actually bacteria that start living on the rocks first and those bacteria can take advantage of some of the minerals that are present there on the rocks and so on and somehow or other they create a a modified environment and that allows other organisms to come along what are the first other organisms that appears that we can actually
see on rocks is actually a team effort and that's these these lichens like this white stuff here that I can see in front of myself lichens we just found out and not one organism they're not two organisms they're actually three organisms and this is brand-new the third organism has just been discovered recently we knew that they are a team effort between algae and a kind of fungus and these two very different organisms get together and the fungus seems to provide the environment that allows the algae to live and the algae is a kind of plant
so it can take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and turn it into sugars which then it shares with the fungus so they help one another out it's a it's a mutually beneficial arrangement but it turns out that there is a third kind of organism involved in this and this is another kind of fungus so there are two kinds of fungus and an algae all living together and they team together so that they can live under these very difficult circumstances when they're trying to start things going as the as the lichens build up other chemical
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tierra continue a yo n't in un condiciones it seems life was designed so that it could boot itself just like a computer it has a way of starting up picking itself up by the bootstraps that's that's the expression that we sometimes use it can start with bare rock and turn it into a verdant amazing and beautiful situation like the one you see around me [Music] you
