what is going on lovely people this is mitochosis perfectionist where medicine makes perfect sense this video is brought to you by picmonic we will continue our microbiology discussions we had four videos like this before today is part number five it's gonna be epic in part number one we have talked about these bacteria part number two talked about this part number three helium and part number four is here today it's time to talk about bacillus anthraces bacillus sirius mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium leprey all of them are anatomically gram-positive bacteria but hemorrhoids why did you say anatomically
gram positive why don't you just say gram-positive i'll tell you because when we try to stain the two mycobacteria with gram stain they did not stain but we know that they have the same characteristics as gram-positive bacteria so theoretically they have the same characteristics but in the lab when we tried the gram stain it did not work what worked then acid fasting microbiology is the study of small life we're talking about bacteria fungi viruses parasites that's why we have bacteriology mycology virology parasitology how do we name bugs kingdom phylum class orders family genus species so
when i say staph aureus staff is the genus aureus is the species gram stain include gram positive and gram negative each one is divided into i and rods in video number one we have talked about these and these were spore forming gram-positive bacilli in video number two we have talked about these the clostridia they're also gram-positive rods video number three staff and these are gram-positive kawkai video number four with the strep-nomo strap verdance group a strapped group b strapped enterococci and bovis and these are what these are gram-positive cock-i that happen to be catalase negative
now let's talk about these four the first two stain with gram the second two do not stain with gram that's why you have to use the acid fast stain the two bacilli are spore forming the two mycobacteria are non-spore forming bacillus anthracis causes anthrax anthrax is not the same as anthracosis of course bacillus suryas causes food poisoning watery diarrhea especially when you eat reheated rice mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis mycobacterium lipre causes leprosy anthrax is a severe respiratory disease or cutaneous disease or gi disease it can also be used as a by weapon bacillus serious reheated
rice causing watery diarrhea it's a heat stable toxin mycobacterium tuberculosis this is tb you have pneumonia and then when it becomes systemic you can get tb in your vertebra tb in your kidneys in your adrenal gland even tb in your brain mycobacterium lipre is leprosy aka hanson disease skin problems sensory nerves are gone your face looks like a lion and your fingers are falling off pause and review in this picmonic we describe the characteristics of bacillus anthracis which is shown as the rods amtrak train making a tour across america on a campaign trail bacillus anthracis
is a gram-positive bacteria shown as the graham cracker positive angel this is a spore forming bacteria shown here as the spore bomb bacillus anthracis has a d-glutamate polypeptide capsule the d-glue tomato polypeptide in a capsule there are three important toxins that allow the bacteria to cause harm the first is protective antigen shown here as the protective shield ant gem the second is lethal toxin the lethal toxic barrel and the third toxin is edema factor which we portray as the edamame edema factor leads to increased camp in the cell which we show here as the up
arrow cycle amp so in short anthrax is a gram-positive bacteria that is spore forming it has a d-glutamate polypeptide capsule there are three toxins that allow this bacteria to be harmful protective antigen lethal toxin and edema factor edema factor leads to increased camp in the cell bacillus anthraces that causes anthrax is depicted here by the amtrak train it's a gram-positive angel spore forming and has the d-glutamate polypeptide the virulence factors include a protective antigen a lethal toxin and an edema factor how does the edema factor cause edema by increasing cyclic amp and this is very
important because later when we talk about the gram-negative bacteria that cause diarrhea i'll tell you that many of them cause diarrhea by increasing cyclic emp which attracts water when you attract water you can swell the edema factor or you can get diarrhea in this pigmonic we explore the symptoms seen in those who are infected by bacillus anthracis a disease known as anthrax shown by the rods amtrak train which is blown up after a terrorist attack it can manifest as cutaneous disease the skin suit man who watches in horror as his friend is blasted developing black
escars on his skin suit while holding up a no pain bolt sign because he swears it didn't hurt at all this represents the painless black escar that develops with cutaneous anthrax the necrosis crow eating a leech represents that this is a necrotic lesion pulmonary anthrax shown as the lungs begins with mediastinal widening the widened mediastinum that occurred from the rod debris getting lodged into this lungs mediastinum this lung has rapidly died from the rod as pulmonary anthrax is rapidly fatal wool sorter's disease is a form of pulmonary anthrax that occurs from lung infections stemming from
bacteria in sheep's wool shown as the wool sweater made from the animals killed in the blast another type of bacillus infection is gastrointestinal which is rare and is shown by the gi guy he doesn't want the dead sheep to go to waste so he eats the infected meat which explains that this form of disease occurs from consuming anthrax infected meat so in summary bacillus anthracis has different symptoms depending on what form of the disease is contracted cutaneous anthrax leads to painless black escars which are necrotic lesions pulmonary anthrax leads to mediastinal widening and is rapidly
fatal in the textile industry it can occur and is called wool sorters disease gastrointestinal anthrax occurs after eating anthrax infected meat so what are the symptoms that are caused by anthrax well it depends we have three types of anthrax we have cutaneous anthrax we have pulmonary anthrax also known as wool sorters disease and last we have gastrointestinal anthrax let's start with the cutaneous anthrax what's going on you have a painless escar necrotic tissue what happens in pulmonary anthrax well it's a horrible disease think of bleeding into my lungs pulmonary hemorrhage think of mediastinitis and if
you do a chest x-ray you will see a widened mediastinum historically this disease affected people working in the textile industry and they got wool sorter's disease which is what pulmonary anthrax last we have gastrointestinal anthrax and you get it by consuming anthrax infected meat because don't forget anthrax is spore forming the characteristics of the bacteria bacillus cereus can be retold through the story of the rods in seared rice bacillus cereus rods seared rice this bacteria is gram positive the graham cracker positive angel who is cooking this meal on a wok adding rods to the seared
rice because these bacteria are bacilli or rod shaped this bacteria is endospore forming the inside spore cracking open like a protective eggshell to pour the rods into the food bacillus cereus is beta-hemolytic the betta fish in the petri dish who is on display as the catch of the day it produces toxins and enterotoxins which lead to the symptoms seen in people shown as the toxic barrel and intestine toxins which are squeezing out a sauce as a garnish for the sushi though it looks gourmet the catch of the day is actually served over reheated rice which
is a common food that leads to illness from this bacteria so to review bacillus cereus is a gram-positive bacillus which is endospore forming and beta-hemolytic toxins and enterotoxins are formed by this bacteria some of which are heat stable and can cause illness through reheated rice let's talk about bacillus sirius gram positive bacillus or a rod endospore forming and this spore protects it it's beta hemolytic it secretes toxin and enterotoxin it affects you if you eat reheated rice why because many of its toxins are heat stable we have two types of toxins we have heat lay
bile toxins they will get destroyed by heat and we have heat stable toxins which are not affected by heat so the idea that i will get dirty contaminated food and put it on the stove on a frying pan and the heat is going to destroy everything that's not true the heat will destroy lots of stuff but it's not going to destroy everything because many toxins are heat stable such is the toxin of the bacillus sirius bacillus serious disease can be recalled by the restaurant that serves rods in seared rice remember bacillus rods sirius seared rice
there's a mild form of disease called the emetic form shown by the medic who is eating the rice out of the short incubator with his one wand while playing his six sacks he's doing this because the emetic form of disease has a short incubation period of one to six hours shortly after ingestion of toxins patients display nausea and vomiting the medic vomiting out of his sick sacs the other form of bacillus serious disease is the diarrheal form which has more severe symptoms and is shown by the toilet in the stall this disease is associated with
a long incubation period of 8 to 16 hours the long incubator where this gi guy was celebrating his birthday at the restaurant his long incubator was decorated with an 8 ball balloon for his sweet 16 celebration patients complain of the diarrhea and gi pain that can last up to 24 hours with this form of the bacillus serious foodborne illness which is shown as the toilet being used by the gi guy with pain bolts whose birthday wasn't what he quite expected remember bacillus serious disease like this people are eating at the rods in seared rice restaurant
a medic eats out of a short incubator with his one wand only to vomit out his six sacks on another side of the restaurant the gi guy is agonizing over a toilet because of pain bolts he was trying to celebrate his birthday with an eight ball on his sweet 16th birthday eating food out of a long incubator so when it comes to bacillus serious disease i would like to divide the slide into two sections here you have the early disease and here you have the late disease early symptoms are emitted which means i'm vomiting late
symptoms are diarrheal when does the early disease happen on average it's like two hours after you eat the reheated rice how about the diarrheal one it can happen like 10 hours after you eat the warm or reheated rice the first one has nausea and vomiting the second one has diarrhea and gi pain mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterial cause of tuberculosis think of it like this mike wielding bacteria on a tb tv that uses its bad news to infiltrate homes and wreak havoc it is among the most common causes of death worldwide from an infectious disease
mycobacteria are intracellular aerobic pathogens that are noted for having mycolic acid in their cell walls the mic acidic lemon wall which prevents them from being easily detected by gram stain instead they are detected using acid-fast stains the acidic lemon running fast these are special stains such as the carbol fuexon stain the car bomb fuse which turns bacteria red lowenstein jensen agar is a selective medium used to grow mycobacteria in the lab seen as the low stein jetson another mycobacteria cell component is serpentine cord factor the serpent cord this molecule causes bacteria to arrange themselves in
long cords that appear serpent-like there are two main forms of tuberculosis primary and reactivation primary tuberculosis is the form of disease that occurs in a previously unexposed person it can result in both localized and disseminated infection which can lead to death the inhaled bacteria create a locus of inflammation in the lungs which becomes a caseiating granuloma the cheese-eating granny llama referring to a cheese-like appearance on gross examination granulomas seen on x-ray can be called a gone focus the gong focus from there the bacilli can drain into regional perihyler lymph nodes of the lungs the hitler
with lymph lime causing hilar lymphadenopathy the combination of a gone focus with perihylar lymphadenopathy is termed a gone complex the complex gong if the initial infection is untreated and the host survives the bacteria can become qiscent and hidden from the immune system for years reactivation tuberculosis occurs when this latent tuberculosis reactivates into active disease disease is often localized to the lungs and is characterized by reactivation in the apex the reactivation button on the mountain apex this is an aerobic environment where the bacteria thrive so in summary mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis these
bacteria have mycolic acid in their cell walls and so can only be visualized by acid-fast stains such as carbal fuchsin lowenstein jensen agar is used to grow mycobacteria serpentine cord factor is a virulence factor that aligns the bacteria in cord-like shapes primary tb occurs upon first exposure to the bacteria and can involve the formation of pulmonary caseiating granulomas a gone focus is a granuloma seen on x-ray and if there's concurrent perihylolymphatinopathy it is termed a gone complex reactivation tb occurs after reactivation of latent disease and often localizes to the apices of the lung mycobacterium tuberculosis
has mycolic acid that's why you cannot stain it with gram stain but you can stain it with acid fast stain it can grow on lonestein jensen agar it has serpentine chord factor which is the virulent factor we have two types of tb primary tb and reactivation tb primary tb you have the case heating granoma with the gonz focus if you have the gone focus plus tb lymphangiitis plus tb lymph adenitis we call this the gone complex the complex has three things reactivation tb usually goes to the apex of the lung if it's a systemic disease
it's gonna go everywhere this picmonic is a continuation of our mycobacterium tuberculosis characteristics picmonic so if you haven't yet check that one out mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterial cause of the systemic disease tuberculosis it is represented in this picmonic as the story of the mic-wielding bacteria that uses bad news on the tbtv to turn people into zombies disease typically begins in the lungs after inhalation of the organisms which can then spread to any organ in the body depending on the host's immune status systemic symptoms of infection are constitutional and include fever the fever beaver due
to cytokine release night sweats the moon sweats are common weight loss the skinny man in baggy jeans can also occur hemoptysis the red mop coughing blood is common in pulmonary tb tuberculosis can enter the bloodstream and spread beyond the lungs into various organs called disseminated tb or extrapulmonary disease represented by extra newspaper boy and lungs when the adrenal glands are involved it can result in primary adrenal insufficiency or addison's disease the add sun when disseminated to the central nervous system the cns brain patients can develop meningitis with headache neck stiffness and cranial nerve dysfunction liver
involvement can present with abdominal pain and jaundice kidney involvement shown as the kidneys can present non-specifically with piuria and hematuria gi findings the intestines often reflect infection of the peritoneum and intestines resulting in abdominal pain ascites and diarrhea bone involvement shown as the skeleton can include arthritis and osteomyelitis with pain and inflammation at involved sites when tb infects the vertebrae it's called tuberculosis spondylitis or potts disease the pots vertebra this can cause pain and vertebral collapse in summary tuberculosis can present with a range of clinical findings constitutional symptoms are frequent and include fever night sweats
and weight loss in pulmonary tb hemoptysis is common as well when tb spreads to the bloodstream it can cause extra pulmonary disease in any organ adrenal gland involvement can cause addison's disease cns spread can result in meningitis liver kidney and gi involvement will cause pain and dysfunction of the implicated organs bone disease commonly affects the vertebrae known as potts disease or tuberculosis spondylitis disease is caused by the tbtv we have constitutional symptoms such as fever weight loss night sweats you can also get hemoptysis as the disease spreads it becomes systemic all over your body including
adrenal insufficiency known as addison disease cns symptoms such as tuberculosis meningitis or tuberculosis encephalitis also liver disease and kidney disease can also affect your gi and when it comes to your vertebrae we call it pot disease mycobacterium lepre shown here as the leopard with the mic is the microbiological cause of leprosy this bacteria is aerobic displayed by the aerobic outfit worn by the leopard like other mycobacteria mycobacterium lepre exhibits acid-fast staining shown by the lemon running with the acid fast sign it also replicates best in cool temperatures portrayed by the leopard laying on the ice
blocks leaving the skin and extremities more vulnerable to infection mycobacterium leprate causes two different patterns of disease depending on the patient's immune response the less severe form is called tuberculoid leprosy the leopard in the tube and occurs in patients with an intact immune response represented by the strong healthy looking leopard the immune system of these patients exhibits a granulomatous response the grainy llama a positive leproman skin test will also be seen depicted by the guy in the skin suit with the thumbs up sign toward the leopard in the tube treatment involves the antibiotics dapzone shown
by the diaper sun and rifampin the ref amp microbacterium leprae can cause a second form of disease called lapromidus leprosy shown by the leopard in the other corner without a tube this occurs in patients with a weak immune system depicted by the weak leopard inflammation involving the face can cause disfigurement known as leonine facies shown by the lion face due to the weak immune response the leperman's skin test in this form of disease is negative shown by the guy in the skin suit with the thumb's down sign treatment requires clophazamine to be added to the
antibiotic regimen shown by the clover with a fez so in summary mycobacterium leprae is an aerobic acid-fast bacteria that proliferates best in cool temperatures there are two forms of this disease the first is tuberculoid leprosy which occurs in healthy patients and evokes a granulomatous response as well as a positive leproman skin test treatment involves the antibiotics dapzone and rifampin the second form of disease is called the promidus leprosy which occurs in immunocompromised patients it's characterized by leonine facies and a negative leper man's skin test treatment requires the addition of clophazamine all right leprosy which is
a disease caused by mycobacterium lipre this bacteria is aerobic and acid fast it loves cold temperatures leprosy has two different diseases depending on your immunity whether you have good immunity or bad immunity it's different scenario if i have good immunity it means what it means you that your immune response is robust but the bacterial load is low so we have few bacteria but a robust immunity and therefore you will be able to make a granuloma because you have strong macrophages and if you can make a granuloma we can detect that using the leproman test and
we'll call this tuberculoid leprosy why tuberculoid because it's similar to tuberculosis what does tuberculosis have a granuloma but if i'm immunocompromised my immunity is weak and i have high bacterial load and since my immune response is history i will not be able to form a granuloma and i will get a negative liprumen test and this is called lepromatous leprosy this is such a severe disease that can make my face look like a lion tuberculoid leprosy is treated with dabzone and rifampin but if you have the ugly lepromatous leprosy you need dabsonryfempin plus clophazamine pigmonic lets
you browse in accordance to your favorite book you can also browse by discipline or by system they make a fresh new quiz for you every day you can even create a study schedule this is my methodology of using picmonic spaced repetition is key you tend to remember better when you use more than one cranial nerve we have compared among staph aurea staff epidermidis staff saprophyticus and strip pneumo in previous videos we talked about the viridense pyogenes galactia enterococci and bovis even actinomyces is lysteria coriano bacterium diphtheria and nocardia moreover we've covered all the clostridia you
can check the previous videos in my playlist called picmonic medicosis now it's time to compare among bacillus anthraces bacillus sirius mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium lipre all of them are anatomically gram-positive rods all of them are bacteria but in the lab only two is stained with gram and this is the two cellulite but the mycobacteria did not stain well with gram so we use an acid fast stain acid fast has many techniques and they can show up on your exam and these techniques include zeal nielsen stain fight stain oramine rhodamine stain oramine phenol stain and others
and traces and sirius are spore forming the others are not how do i get bacillus and traces animal or animal products it's a bio weapon or if you eat contaminated meat or if you inhale the spores it's also the wool sorters disease when it comes to bacillus cereus this is the warm or reheated rice mycobacterium tuberculosis droplets fecal oral skin etc don't forget the reactivation of tuberculosis when you are immunocompromised mycobacterium lip rate droplets secretions prolonged skin to skin contact virulence factor for anthrax is the anthrax toxin why is it toxic because it has protective
antigen lethal factor and edema factor in bacillus sirius it's called sirius so cellulite toxin enterotoxin and this toxin is pre-formed it's also heat stable that's why even if you reheat the rice the toxin is not going anywhere for some of the causes i will eat the warm reheated rice and then i will take amoxicillin uh amoxicillin is an antibiotic anti bio bio means living antibiotics can kill bacteria but they cannot kill toxins for the most part variance factors for mycobacterium tuberculosis is the code factor also it has sulfatide but why does it stain with an
acid fast stain because it has mycolic acid so when the professor asks you why is mycobacterium tuberculosis acid fast it's because of the mycolic acid why is it virulent because of the code factor mycorrhixium leprey loves cold temperature and sensory nerves symptoms of anthrax include fever pulmonary hemorrhage and mediastinitis if you get the cutaneous anthrax you will get an s car if you contract the gi subtype you will get gi symptoms bacillus series will give you watery diarrhea nausea and vomiting starts at one to five hours later symptoms can come between eight and 16 hours
tuberculosis don't forget your kc-18 granuloma the gonz complex or the gonz triad and miliary tbs all over your body tb meningitis tb and your vertebra that's pot disease and addison which is adrenal insufficiency tuberculous edisonian crisis can be fatal leprosy we have skin sensory nerves are affected in a glove and stalking distribution line like faces and your fingers are lost how do i diagnose anthrax gram stain pcr cabot medose yeah writes the head of midocious or capitao where else have you heard of caput midozi oh yeah in cirrhosis you can also use something called the
escoli test bacillus suryas is a clinical diagnosis you cannot stain a toxin mycobacterium tuberculosis you have the purified protein derivative skin test you have the interferon gamma release assay you have chest x-ray and you have biopsy to see the beautiful casein granuloma mycobacterium lip ray does not grow on gram stain you cannot culture it so we can only biopsy or do pcr how do we treat anthrax ciprofloxacin doxycycline especially prophylactically if you suspect exposure bacillus series it's self-limiting so just provide supportive care and watchful waiting mycobacterium tuberculosis has many medications the most famous are these
for ripe rifampin isoniazid pyroxenamide ethamitol don't forget this revamping because we'll use it here for leprosy revamping and dabzone if you're immunocompromised add clefazamine quick review bacillus anthrace's characteristics it's a gram-positive spore forming it has the d-glutamate polypeptide capsule remember the triad you have protective antigen lethal factor edema factor how does it cause edema it increases cyclic emp anthrax disease we have three types we have cutaneous anthrax we have pulmonary anthrax and we have gi anthrax if it's cutaneous anthrax you get s cars necrotic tissue if it's pulmonary anthrax you get pulmonary hemorrhage and mediastinitis
with wide and mediastinum on chest x-ray if it's the gi anthrax you get gi symptoms another organism bacillus serious gram positive bacilli they are spore forming you have a toxin and an enterotoxin beta hemolytic reheated rice if you eat this reheated rice you can get what well it depends on time frame if i said the symptoms started between one to six hours think of the emetic type nausea and vomiting but if i say that the symptoms started eight to 16 hours after eating the rice think of the diarrheal subtype mycobacterium tuberculosis here is the tbtv
it has mycolic acid that's why it doesn't sting with gram instead use acid fast stain such as carbol fossil stain or zeal nielsen or phyte or oramine rhodamine stain tb can grow on lonestein jensen agar it has the serpentine cord factor primary tb will give you casey eating granuloma and the bonds focus when you add tb lymphangitis and tb lymphadenitis we call it the gonz complex secondary or reactivation tb affects the apex of the lungs mycobacterium tuberculosis can cause what uh tuberculosis symptoms you have constitutional symptoms such as fever weight loss night sweats and then
when it spreads all over your body you get kidney problems liver problems gi problems cns problems pot disease and tb addison disease mycobacterium lipre is acid fast it is aerobic if your immunity is strong you get tuberculoid leprosy with granuloma and positive leproman test but if your immunity is weak you get biliperometers leprosy with a negative lipromine test and no granuloma how do you treat this dabzone and refamine how do you treat this debsonerifem pen plus clophazamine today we have watched seven pigmonics but there are more than one thousand four hundred of these doozy picmonics
at picmonic.com vip hookups medicosis we've covered these bacteria before but there is more there are gazillions of these go to pigment and they have picmonics for almost everything you can watch picmonics about microbiology pharmacology genetic disease and ob gyn this is my favorite part of pikmin but wait there is more there is anatomy physiology biochemistry pathology psychology and internal medicine can i try it for free yes you can check the link in the description box they have something like 50 000 high yield facts but not just facts animated facts these picmonics are clean you can
also watch more than a thousand pikmonics on their apps so what are you waiting for go to picmonic.com vip hookup slash midikosis and they will hook you up thank you guys for watching this video and thanks pikmonik for making this video possible it's a mnemonic in a picture yeah
