[Music] Parkinson's is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's the most visible features of this disease are a slowness of movement muscle rigidity and tremors at rest there are also many often debilitating non-motor symptoms some of which may present before the motor problems Parkinson's affects many areas of the nervous system and different types of neurons however much focus has been placed on neurons in brain regions associated with the overt motor symptoms notably a region of the midbrain called the substantia pars compacta this region forms part of a major pathway in the brain that's critical
for facilitating movements in Parkinson's dopaminergic neurons in the substantia gradually died leading to the malfunction of this pathway and the characteristic motor problems drugs that replace or mimic dopamine are often used to treat these modes of deficits but they grow less effective over time deep brain stimulation may also be used to treat symptoms however no current treatment slows the neuro degeneration a distinctive pathology in most cases of Parkinson's is clumps of misfolded proteins within neurons Lewy bodies are the most common type a characteristic components of these is a misfolded protein called alpha synuclein these molecules
can form small repeated units called oligomers or longer fibrous mounting evidence indicates that these are toxic to neurons and play a key role in driving parkinson's unwanted proteins are normally cleared by the cells different types of protein degrading machinery some evidence points to these systems being overwhelmed by misfolded alpha synuclein and this might be a key factor in what kills the neurons parkinson's has also been linked to problems with mitochondria mitochondria provides cells with the energy to perform vital functions their highly dynamic and confused together or break up into smaller versions in response to a
cell's energy demands they can also be transported to areas of a cell that need them the most however in Parkinson's these processes can be impaired and mitochondria are unable to sustain proper neuronal function as they become old or damaged mitochondria are removed and replaced again this recycling is thought to be disrupted in Parkinson's leading to the accumulation of damaged or worn out mitochondria another idea is that the cells called glia surrounding neurons may play a role in Parkinson's as dopamine neurons are lost one particular type of grille cell called microgram is thought to take up
the resulting cellular debris triggering an immune response once activated they release inflammatory cytokines which activate neighboring microglia and another type of glial cell called astrocytes chemicals released by activated micro clear and astrocytes have been shown to in general it remains unclear which mechanisms drive the disease process in Parkinson's what is clear is that with time more areas of the nervous system developed pathology and one emerging idea is that this happens through the transmission of misfolded alpha synuclein while a multifactorial nature of Parkinson's disease progression might make it hard to fully understand it does provide a
number of potential therapeutic targets for slowing or even halting the neuro degeneration for example enhancing the clearance of abnormal proteins and blocking their transmission improving the function of mitochondria and targeting the neuro inflammation are all currently active areas of research [Music] you you
