"This Super Alien Creates New Universes with Black Holes" ft. Brian Cox

this is Brian Cox in a popular interview with unilad he delved into the Intriguing possibility of a super intelligent alien in the future that harnesses the powers of black holes in a rather mysterious way if a super beinging in the far future could collect every bit of Hawking radiation that was EV came off the black hole for trillions and trillions of years and stick it into a giant quantum computer then they Could reconstruct everything that fell in and so what does this actually mean could information actually radiate away and get reconstructed through Hawking radiation the

basic concept of black holes comes from how we understand the fabric of space and time which is based on Einstein's special theory of relativity this Theory suggests that space and time are woven together into a four-dimensional space-time Continuum with three dimensions for space and one for time when we introduce Mass into manowski space something special happens due to the way energy interacts within it Einstein's theory tells us that space isn't flat just as minkowski space suggests instead it bends around objects so in this view gravity isn't just an invisible force acting over a distance it's

actually the result of the curvature of SpaceTime with this term being the curvature tensor and this one is the energy density tensor we can observe that the curvature of SpaceTime increases with an increaseing energy density and as gravity is an effect of the curvature the more energy an object has packed into it the stronger its gravitational pull becomes which brings us to this extreme case the theoretical concept of a black hole this incredibly dense object forms when a massive body collapses to a specific size something known as the Schwarz child radius general relativity not only

forecasts the existence of black holes but also outlines their structure through the Schwarz child metric this metric is a specific solution to Einstein's field equations if you're overwhelmed by this equation don't worry I've got a simpler explanation for you you see this equation predicts that a black hole has two parts The Event Horizon which behaves as a boundary between a black hole and the rest of the universe at this radius and the singularity where the entire mass of the black hole is predicted to exist The schwat Shield metric itself is analogous roughly speaking analogous to

a point Mass so just like Newton's equation with the everywhere's outside the mass the equation is the same as it would be for just empty space the Schwarz Shield metric is also one for which everywhere is outside the singularity when we work through the Schwarz Shield metric it shows us that energy could become infinitely dense creating A Spacetime with infinite curvature and an extremely powerful gravitational field to give you some perspective the Escape Vel velocity from a black hole's gravitational field must exceed the speed of light that's why you keep hearing this saying a black

hole's gravity is so strong that not even light can escape one consequence of this is the concept of causality since nothing can travel faster than light nothing can leave a black hole and so what happens inside a black hole cannot influence anything outside of it this categorizes space-time events into three types lightlike space-like and Tim likee separations now let's consider the Event Horizon of a black hole this is a region where space and time as we know them no longer apply there's no specific where or when the concept leads to a curious sight for someone

observing from afar as a person is pulled into a black hole to The Observer the person seems to slow as they near the Event Horizon almost as if coming to a halt just before Crossing it he never appears to cross into the black hole he just Fades growing dimmer until Vanishing from sight this peculiar behavior is due to how black holes distort space and time they tie into what's known as the holographic principle this principle suggests that all the information within a black hole's three-dimensional space can be encoded on the two-dimensional surface of its Event

Horizon just like a hologram projects a three-dimensional image on a flat surface it must contain enough detail to represent the three-dimensional space from every Viewpoint The Event Horizon serves as a repository for information about the interior of a black hole so to grasp this concept physicists refer to a framework known as the ads CFT conjecture in essence this conjecture represents a mathematical concept that describes a special type of SpaceTime different from our everyday Universe just think of it as a decipher machine for Black Hole Interiors it has rules where it explains how things inside the

black hole relate to what's on the outer boundary in a way this boundary acts like a map of everything inside again just like the hologram concept we talked about out now in anti- Deiter space big black holes are like Eternal entities they never truly disappear this is because anything they emit gets reflected back into them and they continue to exist on the other hand small black holes eventually vanish they can't maintain their existence because they lose more energy than they take in the thing is whether it's a big or small black hole all the information

inside them remains intact none of it just disappears into nothingness so there's no paradox and the fundamental idea that information must be conserved in the universe remains valid then when we create a black hole in the context of conformal field Theory we can ensure that this Evolution always keeps the information preserved so information isn't lost even in the complex world of black holes in anti- Deeter space now this might be the key to unlocking the mystery of the information Paradox that's a a good thing when things go from being they often start out as very

speculative then they become something a little bit better than speculative conjectural and the end process is they just become of a tool of physics things that everybody uses all the time because it has a predictive value a mathematical value in our day-to-day lives having access to unaltered information is very important especially when it comes to staying informed about the world and that's why in today's video we've partnered with ground news just as physicists aim to unravel every bit of information within a black hole ground news illuminates every angle of a news story their website and

app were created to give readers a transparent and datadriven way to read the news with access to over 50,000 news sources across the political Spectrum it'll give you a complete overview of every story this is an interesting story I recently read Lost in Space astronauts toolbag orbits Earth after escaping during space walk there is a total of 114 news sources covering the story with a majority leaning Center you can also see how language is used to show the same story differently one of my favorite features of ground news is their blind spot feed this section

highlights stories that are often underreported by either the left or right media it's an excellent resource for uncovering news you might have missed this feature is fully unlocked through their Vantage plan which you can get access to with the link in my description so stay informed on breaking news for less than $1 a month for their Pro Plan or receive 30% off their Vantage plan that way you'll also be supporting Beyond ideas at the same time when black holes were first conceived mathematically there's a question arose among physicists could these entities actually exist in the

universe the math suggested that they were possible but was there real life evidence for it it took four decades before we had tangible evidence in 1964 using Advanced x-ray satellites researchers detected an unusual source of x-rays in the constellation signis despite the intense emissions the object itself remained invisible this puzzled the scientists as as a typical star emits both visible light and x-rays they named this mysterious Source signis X1 Kip Thorne and Steven Hawking even had this famous bet on what the object actually was there's a bet between stepen Hawking and Kip Thorne this whether

or not we actually had the data Justified for a black hole so what was the first black hole Stellar Mass black hole so 10ish Sons with a star friend and the black hole is slowly eating material from the star in 1970 astronomers Paul mtan and Lise Webster observed that signis X1 was in a binary orbit with a nearby star this relationship allowed them to measure its mass fast forward to 2021 it was confirmed that signis X1 has a mass 21 times that of our sun making it the heaviest Stellar Mass black hole that was identified

without gravitational waves but its Mass isn't the only thing exceptional the black hole also spins at a rate near the speed of light faster than any other known black hole at the time Louise and I published a a paper about um the X-ray Source signos X1 which might be identified with this system that contained HD 22 6868 and if so and it all connected together in this way that we' fantasized about then the companion was a black hole apart from their simple structure black holes are defined by just three properties Mass charge and spin this

is due to the no hair theorem which tells us that the original details of the matter that fell into a black hole are lost leaving behind only these three properties for instance if you take two black holes one from a massive star and another from a neutron star they'd appear identical except for differences in their Mass charge or spin when we apply quantum mechanics and consider black holes as Quantum objects a whole new array of characteristics comes into play take entropy for example the entropy of an object is like the number of different w ways

its insides can be arranged to figure out entropy you need to know how much an observer understands about the object for instance take a randomly shuffled deck of cards describing the position of each card would need a lot of details in this case we can say that this order has low entropy compared to this one but the Noir theorem tells us that we can't get details about the matter inside a black hole and so black holes are thought to have maximum entropy as a black hole grows its entropy increases okay so the amount of hidden

information increases and so there's this very tight relationship between actually the surface area of a black hole and the amount of stuff that it's eaten which corresponds to the amount of information that that black hole is hiding Quantum field Theory tells us that energy can exist in a vacuum where pairs of particles and antiparticles pop into existence and then disappear in an instant so even though we think that the entire mass of a black hole is focused at the singularity these particle pairs can still appear and vanish within the black hole's vacuum this process doesn't

usually have a noticeable impact if it occurs inside or outside a black hole except when it happens near the Event Horizon in that case the intense gravity can pull one particle in while flinging its counterpart towards Infinity since this pair Springs from the black hole's energy The Escape of one particle will reduce the total energy of the black hole this Escape B contributes to what we call Hawking radiation this is quite important for our discussion today Hawking radiation implies that black holes can emit energy shrink over time and ultimately cease to exist this means that

it results in a fundamental loss of information we lose the ability to pinpoint the precise Quantum state of all the particles that once made up the black hole if you think of yourself as information right let's say you burn a book um and collect everything that comes out of the book all the ashes and all the gas and everything then in principle you can reconstru conru the book not in practice right but you can imagine if you collect every single thing and measure it in principle you can reconstruct the book information is conserved in all

of physics in principle that's what quantum mechanics tells us that information must be preserved yet when a black hole emits energy and Fades away we lose something vital specifically details about what composed this giant beast but perhaps there's more to uncover in this story so so basically if you can measure everything perfectly you can you can predict what happened in the past and what's going to happen in the future it's called determinism that right so the the old picture of black holes and Stephen Hawkin believed this for a long time had a bet about it

actually is that they seem like they destroy information you can just kind of see it goes to the end of time right it's gone even if you gathered all the Hawking radiation that come off for trillions of years there's no way you could reconstruct what went in so therefore if you jumped into a black hole you'd be a ra raed from the universe but that breaks pretty much every law of physics right things don't erase information they scramble it up make it difficult to read but they don't destroy it to put it simply this information

could help us map out the entire universe which enables us to predict basically anything and so a black hole is one such rule breaker since it doesn't follow the laws of physics as we know them once anything goes in information is lost forever Beyond The Event Horizon and there's no way we can ever retrieve it so to solve this conundrum scientists have explored various solutions to this puzzling Paradox each providing a possible way to uncover its Mysteries one proposed solution to the information Paradox suggests that a black hole holds onto its information until it shrinks

to what's known as the plank size this scale represents the smallest measure in our universe sort of like the finest Point our Cosmic microscope can see so when a black hole gets this small it's believed that the stored information gets released all at once this idea fits with both relativity and quantum mechanics but it's not without its difficulties here's a point we all can agree on the energy of a black hole at plank size is incredibly tiny yet the information packed inside is vast this leads to a quandry because it seems the information isn't coming

out with the radiation it stays put inside the black hole for the black hole to release this massive store of information it would need to emit energy bit by bit very slowly over time in fact it could happen for a much longer time possibly even outlasting the expected lifespan of the universe in practice this proposed solution leads to the possibility of long- lasting black hole remnants which may not allow us to recover all the information now let's look at another approach based on what we discussed earlier the entropy of a black hole is related to

its Event Horizon surface area rather than its volume again it's the so-called holographic principle according to this the information of a black hole while while being three-dimensional doesn't actually plunge into it along with Hawking radiation it's imprinted onto the Event Horizon effectively a two-dimensional boundary it creates what's known as a stretched Horizon this allows the information to stay in a space where light exists which avoids any conflict with causality and potentially resolves the Paradox however we must keep in mind the no cloning theorem it states that information can't be duplicated at first glance it seems

like this rule is broken but that's simply not the case here's why although it appears we have two sets of information no single Observer can ever see both simultaneously one version is visible only to an observer falling into the black hole and the other only to someone outside it this concept is known as black hole complimentarity it suggests that these copies can't be seen or exchanged by multiple observers at the same time another intriguing idea is that information isn't lost or contained it's sent to a separate realm known as a baby Universe here the infinite

density of the singularity could create such a warp in SpaceTime that it stretches into another Universe via what's called an Einstein Rosen Bridge or Wormhole for Simplicity in this scenario the information tumbling into a black hole could travel Through the Wormhole and emerge in Another Universe this new universe is much smaller compared to ours and that's why we call it baby Universe since this other universe is completely separate from our own any information that crosses over is effectively lost to us but remains preserved there the appealing aspect of this solution is that it doesn't conflict

with any established principles except for the challenge that we can't really prove this other Realms exists but now let's consider this idea somewhere beyond the Event Horizon of a black hole there might be a path to access this baby universe so if it is possible what would be the implications Professor Brian Cox suggests that in such a scenario an extremely advanced civilization could capture all the Hawking radiation emitted and they'll use it to reconstruct everything that the black hole has absorbed if you jumped into a black hole then we do think that if a super

beinging in the far future could collect every bit of Hawking radiation that was EV came off the black hole for trillions and trillions of years and stick it into a giant quantum computer then they Could reconstruct everything that fell in so actually in some sense you come out one thing is for sure scientists are still searching for answers to this Paradox Concepts like quantum gravity and the holographic principle could eventually clear up this mystery they might even change how we understand the universe or perhaps lead us to rethink our view of the cosmos until we

find those answers we'll keep exploring and unraveling these Mysteries