Hypothalamus | Anatomy | Structure | Function | Neurology🩺

Today we are going to talk about hypo th Thalamus right hypoth all of you know that hypothalamus is a very important area of Diane cephalon right and major functions of the hypothalamus basically it has three basic functions number one that it is concerned with the limbic system it's part of the limbic system You know limbic system is that part of the central nervous system which is concerned with your emotions behavior and recent memory secondly hypothalamus is intimately related with the function of autonomic nervous system and thirdly hypothalamuses also very important center in the central nervous

system which is having a very powerful influence on the endocrine system so it is also having Endocrine functions right so it has functions related with the part of the limbic system so it is concerned with the emotions behavior and recent memory through the autonomic nervous system it influences the sympathetic and parasympathetic output in the body and through producing different releasing and release inhibiting factors for different hormones From the anterior patriotary and also releasing hormone through posterior pituitary it hypothalamus exert a very powerful control on the endocrine system in the body right so before we really

go into detail first we will see exactly where the hypothalamus is situated in the central nervous system is that right first of all now we will discuss where exactly in central of a system hypothalamus is present after that we will go into detail of hypothalamus Now if I draw a central nervous system from the side right you know that here is your what is it midbrain ponds medalla right spinal cord of course and now exactly where is hypothalamus let me tell you just above the midbrain there is a structure called Thalamus structure which is called

thalamus Right now actually intro inferior to the thalamus there's a sheet of gray matter there is a sheet of gray matter which is going anteriorly and inferiorly from the from the thalamus is that right and this structure this sheet of gray matter it is called hypothalamus and it extends from Midbrain right upper part of the midbrain up to the optic chiasma it extends up to the optic chiasma right or we can say from the optic asthma hypothalamus extend up to the yes what is this after the midbrain or we can say up to The Interpreter

fossa and here the important structures related There is a swelling under on the under surface of the hypothalamus and from here the Stark and interior pituitary and osteopathy this component is also the part of hypothalamus is the right and there are bilateral swellings on posterior part and this swelling is called mammalade goddess and mammatory bodies are also part of hypothalamus but pituitary Stark is not The part of hypothalamus so actually hypothalamus is this structure from here right so what is this hypothalamus is mainly a sheet of gray matter extending from the optic chiasma backward up

to the upper part of the midbrain right and under surface of the hypothalamus has one median swelling one Central swelling called tuber scenarium and two swelling on the posterior part of the hypothalamus which can be visualized From inferior area right that is mammalary body is that right this is one way to look at hypothalamus now let me draw the structure of hypothalamus with little more detail let me draw here your third ventricle you remember your third ventricle this is the roof of the third ventricle posterior wall of the third ventricle right here it is floor

of Third ventricle is that right and you must be knowing that there's one structure on this this side of the third ventricle what is it Thalamus very good there's another structure on this side of the third ventricle this is the right thalamus is that right so third ventricle is in between the thalami but it extends forward beyond The thalamine is that right and you must be knowing what is the structure under here what is it it is midbrain right pawns medulla right and all already you know there's a which nucleus here having another nucleus habenular

nucleus and here's the swelling backward what is it final body this is heavenellar commercial is that right now in this diagram now I will draw Hypothalamus is that right hypothalamus extends from here it's a sheet of gray matter which is extending forward from the thalamus now from here what are these two my military bodies right and I actually third ventricle extends even much farther much interiorly now look Hypothalamus is basically a sheet of gray matter around this part of third ventricle so here this is the third ventricle posteriorly third ventricle is surrounded by thalami anteriorly

and inferiorly third ventricle is surrounded by hypothalamus so we can say hypothalamus is a sheet of gray matter which is present on the lateral walls of the third ventricle and in the Floor of third ventricle so another way to look At hypothalamus is hypothalamus is present in the lateral wall of third ventricle then inferior or the floor of the third ventricle is that clear there's no problem here now once you know exact position of the hypothalamus you already know it was extending from here what was the structure here yes opted chasma and here it was

upper part of midbrain or interpedicular Fossa is that right now any question in this orientation now you can see another thing the third ventricle is in between some part of the hypothalamus is on the right side of the third ventricle other part of the hypothalamus is on the left side of the third ventricle it means hypothalamus has right area and left area if someone can come here yes who want to Come please come here let me give you an example exactly how is the hypothalamus he is not hypothalamus right no look there look there okay

yes now look make a structure like this right now what we can imagine it should be like this okay like this okay now actually this is my this boxes what is this hand is my this hand is Thalamus what is this part of my hand Thalamus so these are two my hands are too thalami right these are two thalami In between what is the structure third ventricle and third ventricle having its lateral walls and the floor what are these structures hypothalamus so hypothalamus has right half and the left half what is hypothalamus is a sheet

of gray matter here and sheet of gray matter here right surrounding interior part of the Third ventricle and what is the structure here and now you come from here from the optic asthma suppose this was your Eyeballs here come the optic chasma right optic chiasma moves backward as now from here this is the under surface of what is this under surface of hypothalamus and this is ventricular surface of hypothalamus this is the inferior surface of hypothalamus now if you move in inferior surface backward it becomes it make a central swelling like this the central swelling

is called tuber cyanurium the central swelling Come down and make a longitudinal stock we call it infundabular posterior infundibulum or stock of pituitary which convert into anterior then here was the tubercinarium and then you move a little more posteriorly you will find that there is a one momentary swelling on the right side and other memory swelling is on the left side so what are mammalary bodies these are masses of gray matter which Can be seen on the posterior part on the posterior part of hypothalamus from inferior aspect and there are two swellings one right momentary

body and the left memory body so one Central swelling what is that tuber scenarium and two paramedium swellings which are normally body is that right now thank you now you will tell me what are the structure I'm going to tell you now if I say the my this is my right hand and This is my left of course you are intelligent to understand it right now these two surfaces this is making hypothalamus now what are the structure here and here thalami is that right these are thalami what is the structure crossing here optic chiasma what

is the central swelling here tuber scenarium going down as in front of alarm and then interior picture and on the back there is a swelling here and there's the swelling Here what are these Memorial body just from the back what is here midbrain any question about it so you exactly know where is the hypothalamus present and of course you can understand hypothalamus has left sheet and right sheet left side and the right side any question up to this there's no question okay you know hypothalamus is very small area the weight of hypothalamus is Just 4

grams 4 grams meter it is equal to the Nail of your little finger but it influences every tissue from head to toe through autonomic nervous system or and through endocrine system now you will recognize these structures what is this this is midbrain and what is it under it Pawns spherical inferior is that right now where is exactly hypothalamus in this relation look here hypothalamus Will start from here and from here it will extend of course I made it out of proportion can you understand what is the exact location of hypothalamus that when you are going

on the back it is fusing with the midbrain is that right now this part of the midbrain this part of the midbrain is called interpretuncular fossa so it is coming up to that it is coming Extending up to interpreter fossa this is left side of the hypothalamus this is the right side of hypothalamus any question here there is no now I will draw the structures and you will name them I am putting so much time in orientation of where is hypothalamus because in my career I came across many doctors who knew a lot about hypothalamus

but if you ask them where in the central nervous system Hypothalamus is they start looking at your nose yes there are no what is it family bodies of course this is from the top and this is from the side and what is this structure yes tuber cynerium very good and what is this structure infundabulum and this is posterior which would be here is interior pituitary and What is this here third ventricle is that right and this is which part of the hypothalamus left side and this is right side any question after this and of course

you are so intelligent you must be knowing that what is the structure here yes clear no problem okay from here if I raise this area okay I will do that later What is here thalamus and what is this this is of course this is the lateral wall of hypothalamus or we can say actually this is hypothalamus from the lateral left lateral side of the third ventricle and if I make here this structure do you understand what is it and then Yes what is this right half of the hypothalamus left half of the hypothalamus under surface

of the hypothalamus any question there's no question okay right now we will if someone asked you that identify the under structures what is the structure Optical what is the structure tuber scenarium in that this all is tubercinerium in the tubercinarium this Swelling is called median swelling what is that normalary body is that right no problem okay after this now it go into detail structure of hypothalamus now I will draw on the board only hypothalamus and we will see that what are the details of hypothalamus foreign of course you know what is it right there's no

need to ask you again I Hope am I clear and what was this third is that right now you have to tell me what it is let's hope who can identify it 20 minutes what is it it is fornax foreign that for foreign formation Right for me fornix derives most of its fibers from a special area which is called that special area is called subi coulomb right from subiculum with special area and para Pokemon formation most of the fibers originate and they become the part of yes foreign X is that right and furnace as it

moves backwards and upward and then forward and then eventually downward and It embeds into substance of substance of thalamus it embeddies it enters into substance of Thalamus is that right and this in the same way there is this was the right phonical system there is also yes left 4 nickel system and it embeds in which hypothalamus left side of the Hypothalamus is this structure clear to your mind what is happening that para hypocampal formation gives rise to the Forex which is a bundle of what white of course a bundle of white matter right and these

neuronal fibers move from the para hypocampal formation backward upward forward and eventually downward and again backward and it embeds into the embeds into the hypothalamus of course there's one right foreign both of them Enter into right and left part of hypothalamus now within the hypothalamus now listen very very carefully yes this is one more military body and this is other Memorial bodies is that right actually once the right foreign is entered to right side of the hypothalamus then within this within the substance it moves up to normal body And now it has arrived into memory

nuclei this is the right side in the same way in the left side also it passes through the substance of the hypothalamus and eventually it reaches yes where on the left memory body am I clear and some of you must be knowing that there's a very important structure here I will give it a different color and this structure is okay I'll make it brown colored and of course you will immediately recognize that structure yes thalami right and you must be knowing that from the memory body a very important relationship yes what is this from the

memory body what is this pathway Miller Thalamic fibers and from here also there will be with fiber Melo thalamic fibers any question up to this now you may be wondering why I am specially drawing these specially formickle system that how para hypocampal system goes into the military body and then from from middle body there is Milo thalamic track what's the importance of this drying Actually I want to tell you something very important and that is that if you take that this is the middle of the this is the right half of the hypothalamus and here

it is what is this this is the right half of the hypothalamus and this is the left half of the hypothalamus actually where the fornix enters it hypothetically divide the right Hypothalamus into lateral and medial area in the same way left foreign divide the left side of the hypothalamus into medial and lateral area right so what we can see here now that this part of hypothalamus this this part of the hypothalamus is called yes right medial hypothalamus in the same way there must be what is that Left medial hypo th Thalamus is that right so

there's the right hypothalamus and there's left hypothalamus right and both have the hypothalamic substances are receiving the fornax and releasing what foreign divide the one side of hypothalamus into lateral area and medial area Is that right so here is your what is it this is right lateral hypo th Thalamus and what is this this is left lateral hypo thalamus so what did we learn up to now that hypothalamus is a sheet of gray matter on the left interior part of lateral wall of third ventricles also Floor of the third ventricle and hypothalamus is as the

right half and the left half is that right and both half of the hypothalamus are divided into medial and lateral side by an imaginary plane which is demarcated by entrance of the fornix an exert of thalamic crack any question up to this yes there is no question What do you think in hypothalamus the happiness area and sadness area or not yeah it has some areas related with the emotion reward centers and Punishment centers we'll talk about that later once we have learned up to now go detailed structure of the lateral hypothalamus and medial hypothalamus but

before really I go into detail I will draw hypothalamus here and I just want to be sure that you can identify The structures rapidly yes please is a Melody bodies rapidly please third ventricle and rapidly please what is embedding here for next left and what is coming here Forex right and what is coming out from here gas Thalamic and now you will tell me yes what is it left medial hypothalamus and what is the structure here right medial hypothalamus and now as I know that you are very good student so you must be able to

tell me what is this structure left lateral hypothalamus and what is the structure here Right lateral any problem no okay now we'll make our study first of all we will study about the now now onward the lecture in the lecture I will remove this component from diagram I will remove the right hypothalamus this sheet of gray matter will be removed so what you will be visualizing left hypothalamus from the medial side You will be now visualizing the left hypothalamus from the medial side right so let's draw that structure foreign [Applause] yes what is this component

left lateral and what is uh this component left medial is that right now what I'm going to do I'm going to remove this part is that right Now what part is left in the diagram only the left side of hypo Thalamus and even I remove this ventricular area even I remove this medial area now what is left here left side of lateral you understand what is the structure the structure is the left hypothalamus lateral side and here is the medial type now here there is a very Important thing that within this a very special type

of bundle moves I think I should it's a very special type of White Fiber bundle moves I'll make a smaller diagram so that this aspect become more clear foreign I hope you understand these structures I want to draw another group of fibers so that they don't confuse you later Yes what is this part lateral part of right hand left and this is of course yes medial part of left hand this is the medial part of left and this is the medial part of right up to now how many bundles you have seen white matters bundle

fornix coming from here and going to the moment thalamic no problem Now actually a very important bundle of fibers which is moving from the pre there is you know temporal lobe here temporal lobe temporal lobe has orbital surface right sorry it is not temporal lobe it is frontal lobe what happened to you just like me it's frontal lobe frontal lobe has orbital surface so frontal Orbital surface give rise to certain fibers what is this fiber coming from the front orbital area and these fibers are also coming from yes fronto orbital area here there are some

fibers coming from the top and they are coming from the septal area septal area now you may be thinking what is septal area let me show you what is septal area I hope you recognize this structure Clear in the structure this third this area this area is called septal area and here in the front there is frontal lobe you get it and frontal lobe so these fibers which I'm showing you they are originating from fibers from here and also from septal area so front orbital and subtle area then they are passing through the Hyper thalamus

now these fibers are going backward through the hypothalamus but through the lateral part of hypothalamus or medial very good they're passing through the lateral part of hypo Thalamus so these are fibers which are traversing anthroposterally through the lateral part of hypothalamus when they will come here And you recognize this structure what is that midbrain isn't it and this is Pawns these fibers yes these fibers are passing through the lateral hypothalamus and eventually going into brain stem here also coming from front orbital cortex from the septal area right and they are passing through the lateral hypothalamus

and eventually going to the Brain stem what is this bundle called this this and this going here it means fibers which are passing through a lateral hypothalamus who is going to tell me yes please listen first of all you should know fornix they divide the hypothalamus into median and lateral and through the lateral some fibers are moving anthropostale this is very important bundle it is Connecting the front orbital cortex septal area many thalamic nuclei and eventually to the brain stem all of you have heard the name of the spindle lateral no no no no no

no no you just heard something lateral you thought it must be the lateral hypothalamus anyone else what is this called Yes this bundle which is passing through the lateral hypothalamus is called it is called medial for brain bundle it is not called lateral but of course passing through the lateral but this is called medial forebrain bundle have you heard of it but there are books called snells those books it is mentioned in neuron at me what is this yes medial Forebrain bundle later on we'll discuss this in detail right what I just wanted to tell

up to now you should know three wide bundle fibers in relation to hypothalamus foreign posteriorly fibers are moving which are called medial forebrain bundle any question up to this there's no question okay Now we go in detail of lateral hypothalamus and of course medial hypothalamus also and their nuclei and their functions and their Lyons so we are talking about hypothalamus and now we are going into detail of hypothalamic nuclei and their function right as you know if I draw the hypothalamus like this of course the central area is what yes Third ventricle and around the

third ventricle what is this area lateral or medial medial and around that what will be this area lateral yes lateral hypo th Thalamus right now I will talk in detail the functions of the lateral hypothalamus right number one there is a nucleus not super optic Rather pre-optic it's a pre-optic nuclei and these pre-optic nuclei are extending like this what does it mean the pre-optic nuclei yes are having some portion in the lateral hypothalamus and some portion in the medial hypothalamus is that right what is the function of the pre-optic nuclei No they are very sexy

they don't know anyone who knows about the function of the pre-optic nucleus there is a very special nucleus within it there is a very very special nucleus within the pre-optic area and this very special nucleus is called yes this nucleus is called dimorphic nucleus You must be guess and if you really want to remember their function you can make something like this they are I hope this is something and all of you know what I'm making what does it mean male and female yes this nucleus has something to do with the sexual activity does the

right pre-optic nuclei have some successful activity how they influence your sexual activity They release pre-optic nuclei can release special type of chemical compounds and these compounds can go and to what was here swelling median eminence and then through blood supply from this area this is a blood supply special channels these compounds can go into interior interior pituitary and when these Compound come into interior pituitary they stimulate special type of cells and these cells can release FSH and LH what is FSH follicle stimulating hormone luteinizing hormone and in females follicle stimulating hormone will act on the

ovaries and produce the formation of follicles and over maturation of over And LH will lead to luteinization and ovum release so basically FSH and LH will go and work on yes please rapidly on the ovaries in the female and then ovaries follicular maturation will occur and they will produce estrogen and yes so look at it that if there is no estrogen and progesterone in a female will female look like a female no just beautiful breasts and these hips All these things and many other features and axilla here pubic hair and other details which you know

there are many of them are due to estrogen and progesterone right they are produced by the ovaries but ovaries are under influence of fset in LH produced by anterior pituitary and FSH and LH are produced by the interior picture tree under than France's certain substances which are produced by these nuclei So pre-optic nuclei release special factors right and these factors act on interior picture and then anterior pituitary hormones can go to the ovaries and produce ovarian hormones is that right so ovaries are female gonades so we call these factors gonadotropic releasing hormones what are these

or who gonado propane gonadotropin releasing factors We also call it FSH releasing factor and LH releasing factors from the hypothalamus follicle stimulating hormone releasing factors are produced luteinizing hormone releasing factors are produced and they act on the geofituitary produce FSH and LH which is going to work on the ovaries is that right no problem so they are related with the sexual development of males or females female then what about males Do you think males should have these nuclei Jazz male should have and males nuclei should produce which substance same substance gonadotropin releasing factors and in

the milk interior tissue tree what substance should be produced males produce which hormone in the place of FSH my question is male anterior pituitary does interior pituitary in the male produce FSH and LH Answer is yes actually follicle stimulating hormone was originally discovered in females and it was found that its hormones stimulate the development of follicle then ovaries later on we discovered that this hormone act on the male testes males don't have ovaries right so the males testes and there it help in the development of spermatozoa is that right And FSH an enlargement they act

on the test is they help in the development of male gonads testes and development of a spermatozoa and production of testosterone is that right so this is a very small nucleus present in the hypothalamus right called pre-optic nucleus a little present in lateral hypothalamus most of it present in medial hypothalamus and it produces what gonadotropin releasing factors which influence the Produce production of FSH LH from interior pituitary which eventually affect the gonadal development in males and females is that clear now I said within this within this nuclear area there's a very special nucleus what is

this this is called dimorphic sexually dimorphic nucleus within this nucleus this okay I'll make it like a blue star a very special area in pre-optic area this blue stars are what Sexually die Murphy nucleus yes you know what is the function of this nucleus anyone there are so many doctors and young doctors old Doctors medical students pardon this is sexually dimorphic nucleus No he's saying it is secondary sexual characteristics of course secondary sexual characteristics are made by the uh gonador testoster student in the male and female estrogen periastran okay let me tell you something some

people believes they are just sexual orientation you like males or females you like males okay he is male and these days he likes females right okay so you are Heterosexual yes yes right but there are some people who are homosexual is that right they have found that the people who are homosexual they have different development of sexually dimorphic nucleus the right that in homosexuals the men who are in love with the man sexually in love with the man and women who are sexually in love with women lesbians or male homosexuals they are having problem with

the development we cannot Say problem because some homos may put a case on me I must say there's something different in this nucleus sexually dimorphic nucleus and you know sexually dimorphic nucleus develops and at what time when you are still within the uterus of your own mother usually you have been the uterus of your own mother isn't it so when you are in the uterus of your own mother Of course you are a fetus and your hypothalamus was developing at that time when pre-optic area was developing the sexually dimorphic nucleus was developing the development of

this nucleus at that time was under the control of yes doctor Nuri under the control of androgens in the mother right mothers don't have lot of testosterone they are female they have lot of estrogen progesterone but fetus Produces its own testosterone right and testosterone level in the fetus determines the development of these dimorphic is that right so sometimes tendency to be homosexual are embedded within the brain of a fetus before before even fetus has borne and before a fetus are seen seen any male or female person am I clear any question here There's no question

okay so this was something about them there is a another nucleus here in the lateral hypothalamus and this is called yes there is a very important nucleus here and this nucleus is part of lateral hypo thalamus do you think this nucleus looks happy or it looks unhappy it is looking unhappy nucleus in the lateral hypothalamus and this lateral Hypothalamic lateral hypothalamic nucleus it's looking angry or sad angry angry manages here is right and of course there's one nucleus like this here also this is lateral hypothalamic nucleus this lateral hypothalamic nucleus when it is stimulated anyone

Have you heard of actually when you stimulate it you feel hungry when you stimulate it you feel hungry actually when you feel you are hungry actually they have more action potential in these areas so we can also call this nuclear hunger Center these are the hunger Center in your brain when these areas are stimulated you feel hungry and you want to eat more Is that right and if they're too much stimulated you also feel angry you know hungry man is an angry man hungry man is an angry man because areas of hunger and anger are

very near to each other areas of hunger and anger are very near to each other so when action potentials in hunger area become too much they also stimulate the circuits of anger that is why usually hungry people are angry people and you know men are Very clever when they want to propose a woman for marriage or for something else first they take them to the midnight dinner what is the advantage of that dinner they are giving them the food so that hunger Center should become off and anger Center should become of later on I will

tell you when you have eaten enough when you have eaten enough there is another Center here on the Yes medial side and this Center in the medial hypothalamus when you keep on eating when you are four this area become very active and this area become off and this area which in the medial hypothalamus which is also called ventromedial nucleus I will go into detail later ventromedial nucleus this ventromedial nucleus in the medial hypothalamus when it is stimulated You feel your fold you don't want to eat anymore you feel that you do not want to eat

anymore for example before you go to the dinner this Center is firing and when you have taken a taken a very good dinner you have taken good food then these centers become off and these centers become on these centers are not only Center for satisfaction that you Have eaten enough when you are satisfied that you have eaten enough and you don't want to eat any more we call this situation satiety what we call it satiety and this satiety situation is this from this nucleus so this nuclei also called satiety Center so what are these red

nuclei hunger Center and what are these nuclei say tighty Center is that right and hunger centers are also Anger centers and so tighty Central or centers for happiness that is why when you've eaten four you feel happy why because title Center is having lot of action potential and they are also going to the nearby area and they these areas when stimulated they give you a feeling of happiness is that right uh scientists have done something interesting they caught some monkeys Or some rats some animals and electrically started stimulating this area they are electrical stimulation so

these animals will feel all the time hungry and angry and they will keep on eating and eating and eating and they will become very obese right so this is one experiment which tells the function of this these two nuclear hunger Center that if hunger centers are electrically stimulated too Much than animals of course we are also animals animals will keep on eating and their hunger Center will be not satisfied and with that after eating will they feel good no because hunger Center is all the time stimulated electrically right you can imagine here is a cage

and here is a monkey right and you have given some electrical connection to his brain and you are Stimulating these nuclei this monkey will keep on eating keep on eating until it become a monkey like this and still it will be an angry monkey is that right now but if you destroy these nuclei if you electrically not stimulated but destroy it if these two nuclei are not there will the animal ever feel hunger and animal will keep on waiting keep on losing the weight but animal will not eat you bring the best of your food

but Animal will not eat and pressure animal will develop anorexia no wish to eat is that right so what we can say another interesting thing this area is not only hunger area and anger area but it is also for thirst the neurons which are present here some of them are stimulated when you are hungry some of them are stimulated when you are angry some of them are stimulated when you are thirsty When you are feeling thirsty right so when you feel thirsty and you're looking for the water actually these lateral hypothalamic nuclei are stimulated when

you are very hungry lateral hypothalamus nuclear stimulated and in Anger also they are stimulated am I clear and another very important thing just behind it there are diffused neurons right and these neurons whenever these are stimulated your sympathetic nervous System activity goes up and you know when your sympathetic nervous system activity goes up your heart rate goes up your blood pressure goes up your hair stand up your git becomes slow your understanding so actually hunger Center anger Center third Center or very near to those part of the hypothalamus which are concerned with sympathetic outflow that

is why a person who is very hungry with little irritation he become very angry and his Sympathetic nervous system will be very aroused so what happens the men and women who are very intelligent they know how to use these areas for example when you want to really propose a woman and she is not willing to marry you you can take her to the good dinner you can fill her properly with very good food right then her study center is very happy this Center is of her sympathetic nervous System is down and then you ask and

you make your dangerous proposal is that right in the same way once you are really married to her maybe later on you forget to take her to dinner but she knows if one day she is going to make lot of Demands from you that day when you come home if she's intelligent she will make a very good dinner for you and she'll push you to Eat and eat and eat and you say no I've eaten enough she said no I'm not cooking good you say no no you are cooking good you again eat until hunger

Center is totally off anger Center is totally of sympathetic nervous system is down and static Center is very active you feel happy and then she says what do you think you can take some loan from bank for my jewelry yeah yeah you know how to work but there are people who are not very intelligent There may be a wife who sees you are very angry at the same time she makes them too much demands I and you know then your this area becomes you bring your nails out teeth out right so what I'm saying all

these areas are interconnected with each other in their function am I clear then so this was main function of the lateral hypothalamus right yes please Yes hypoglycemia very good he has seen the patients of hypoglycemia and hypoglycemia blood sugar level goes very much down and your blood sugar level goes very much down in the Hunger Center and static Center there are special receptors which are called gluco receptors there are special neurons here and here and these neuron can sample the blood and tell what is the level of glucose in the blood Right if gluco level

in the blood go very much down is that right steady Center stopped working and hunger Center start working and when this lateral hypothalamus come become very active as glucose level keep on going down and down first you feel hunger then you feel anger and then sympathetic overflow that is why the clinical features of low blood glucose is sweating primers tachycardia Irritability all these are due to over stimulation of sympathetic nervous system so overflow sympathetic nervous system may be caused by hyper glycemia let's have a break now right so we were talking about hypothalamus and we

have discussed about the lateral hypothalamus right now we will discuss in detail medial part of hypothalamus so let me draw a structure here about the medial Part of hypothalamus as you know here is your optic chiasma right and optic chiasma on one side is connected to one eyeball through the optic nerve and other side this is other eyeball now hypothalamus is extending from the optic asthma here is a part of hypothalamus what is this median Yes tubercinarium and then here is my memory body and here it is midbrain and bonds and here yes this is

in front of alarm and here is in tear pituitary and there is posterior pituitary Now I'm showing the medial side of the left hypothalamus right in this case first of all we'll decide the regions on the medial side right what is this area I am showing medial side if it is the third ventricle this is the this medial side I'm going to show third ventricle has been removed here right now this area Is called pre-optic region what is it three optic region and area from here this is called yes Supra optic region so what we

can see that on the medial Side hypothalamus is divided into different regions from front to the back there is pre-optic region then there is super optic region and this is tuber scenarium so area all of this area is yes tuberal tuberal region and this area in the end is yes memory region So what we can see that medial hypothalamus here is the medial hypothalamus and here it is lateral hypothalamus right this diagram which is made here large that is this part of the medial hypothalamus right as we see medial hypothalamus is divided into yes now

you will tell me again what is this area if I remove this part third ventricle pre Optic region then there is Supra Optics then there is tuberal region and in the end millery region any question up to this right now I will talk about the nuclei in this area right the most important nucleus in pre-optic region is pre-optic nucleus you remember in previous diagram I showed you that Pre-optic nucleus was extending from lateral side to the medial side so pre-optic nucleus has some part extending into lateral hypothalamus and some part extending into medial hypothalamus so

here is which part of the pre-optic nucleus medial part of the pre-optic nucleus you remember there was some very special nucleus here what was that sexually dimorphic nucleus and I have put it like That yes and what was the most important product it was producing gonadotropine religion factors right this is what we discussed in the previous part of the lecture also right now we come to which what is this area super optic region and the supraoptic region there are multiple nuclei uh one nucleus I will make it here and Yes this nucleus looks like a

clock this is a nucleus which looks like a clock this nucleus is this nucleus just above the chasma so it is also called Supra chiasmatic nucleus what is it called Supra cosmetic nucleus who will tell me the function of suprachiasmatic nucleus and connections of suprachiasmatic Nucleus yes who is going to tell me about the Supra chasmatic nucleus anyone okay I will ask you something very simple have you seen that there are some rhythms in our body biological Rhythm which are according to day and night and according to the season we call them circadian rhythms what

are they circadian rhythms is that right actually Do you know we have internal biological clock that is through this suprachiasmatic nucleus for example there are some birds which will give eggs in a specific season how the bird know that that specific season has come do they come to you and read from the Wikipedia or they are reading the looking on the TV on the CNN report of the weather Now suffering has come and we should give the eggs how the birds know actually what happens in the bird how a bird knows this is summer season

actually all the light which is going to their eyes right through this pathway through the there are special fibers which are Connecting to Supra chasmatic nucleus and actually when light is passing through the visual pathway connections are going to supracasmatic nucleus and supracasmatic nucleus can determine that in 24 hour how much time it was the light and how much time it was the darkness so it can determine the ratio of light and Darkness And the ratio of light and darkness mean ratio of the daytime daylight and night it can determine different seasons actually for this

nuclear supracasmatic nucleus is connected through special Pathway to the habinolar nucleus and pineal gland and pineal gland is concerned with circadian rhythms it tells you when it is morning when it should be morning when it should be night you know when you travel through the Airlines there is jet lag jet lag why because your body has adjusted with certain day and night rhythm and supracasmatic nucleus with pineal body and other part of central nervous system is controlling your body rhythms related with the day and night so what happen when you travel from for example New

York to the Tokyo the time zone is changed daylight and night ratio is Disturbed for you and supracasmatic nucleus and pineal gland Gets upset is that right so basically your circadian rhythms what are circadian rhythms these are biological rhythms in our body which are dependent on day and night is the right circadian rhythm control is mainly done by suprachiasmatic nucleus in association with the pineal gland and suprachiasmatic nucleus has special connection with the chiasma and from chasma a few fibers go to the Supracasmatic nucleus and supracasmatic nucleus can determine the ratio between the light and

darkness and then control the Circadian rhythms am I clear to everyone no problem here right then we have one more nucleus here they are the nucleus here what is this nucleus this nucleus is like air conditioner right it is yes what is the name of this nucleus and What is the function of this nucleus the name of this nucleus is anterior thalamic nucleus what is the name of this nucleus anterior thalamic nucleus right and function of this nucleus is it controls your temperature and especially it does not allow your body temperature to go high when

temperature of the environment is high for example you are sitting in a room Where air conditioner is working very well suddenly light goes a room become warm rather hot now this your internal air conditioning system will keep you cool your body temperature will spill still remain 30 7. 37 Centigrade or 98.6 Fahrenheit now body temperature is not allowed to go above this due to the presence of the Function of this nucleus this nucleus does not allow the body temperature to go High when the environmental temperature goes up so in a way it is anti-rise Center

it does not allow the body temperature to rise with the environment now how it keeps your body temperature 37 let's suppose in the environment temperature is 42. if environmental temperature is 42 it's very hot But human body temperature still remain 37. how it keeps the body cool actually from this nucleus anterior hypothalamic nucleus what really happens the fibers going backward into brain stem and then going into spinal cord to the all body and those fibers are connected with the sweat glands those fibers are connected with the sweat gland so what happen when Temperature goes up

this nucleus orders the body to sweat so sweating start when sweating start when air will pass by water will evaporate it will take some temperature away and you will be kept cool so it is your internal cooling system cooling regulator that whenever temperature is very high this nucleus will start give the order for sweating is that right secondly through this nucleus fibers will go and produce that Dilation of the cutaneous blood vessels vessels on the skin will dilate and blood flow to skin will be more so that warm Blood come near the skin and temperature

is heat is dissipated so this nucleus which is called interior hypothalamus nucleus it is part of the temperature regulating mechanism we can say its part of the hypothalamic thermostat as in the refrigerator there is a thermostat in our hypothalamus there is also Thermostat which keeps your body temperature at 37. this part of hypothalamic thermostat is also called anti-rise Center it does not allow the body temperature to rise pathologically whenever environmental temperature goes up it will start the sweating and it will start the cutaneous Vaso dilation so that temperature heat should be lost out of the

body Amic layer along with that this Center is also concerned with parasympathetic functions It is also concerned with para sympathetic functions so this has a Para sympathetic nervous system functions because you know when parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated you can go for maturation defecation git movement the heart rate will become slow you know the functions of parasympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system can slow Down the heart right it can increase the movement of the git parasympathetic nervous system can increase the movement of the git can produce defecation it can produce the contraction of the urinary

bladder produce micturition so if you really stimulate this neuron too much number one body will sweat sweating will start and cutaneous blood vessels will dilate plus stimulation of this will Produce maturation and defecation and heart rate will become slow is that right so what is the name of this nucleus interior hypothalamic nucleus when interior hypothalamic nucleus is damaged for example in a person due to some cancer or due to some blood supply disturbance this nucleus is damaged what will happen to your body temperature Regulation will be disturbed it means your air conditioner regulator is Disturbed

and what can you sweat so in warm temperature when you cannot sweat you cannot produce sweating and you cannot dilate the cutaneous blood vessels it means you cannot get rid of your body heat so body temperature will go up and you will have a trouble called hyperthermia so hypothalamic lens which involve this what is this interior thalamic nucleus They may lead to hyperthermia any question after this there's no question then there is another nucleus there and that nucleus which is present over here foreign yes there is another nucleus here and I've made this nucleus in

the shape of the kidney why because this nucleus is producing urine no it is not producing urine I hope your Brain is not having urine yes oh it is not producing aldosterone it is producing a hormone this is actually a neuron there's a group of neurons and these neurons synthesize anti-diuretic hormone mainly 90 percent of anti-diuretic hormone is produced by this neuron and this group of neurons the nucleus also produces little oxytocin but mainly it is responsible to produce anti-diuretic hormone anti-diuretic Hormone is produced by Supra optic nucleus what is this nucleus supraoptic nucleus supraoptic

nucleus in the supraoptic region produces synthesizes what ADH and then anti-diurotic hormone which is the peptide moves down through its axons this is a neuron and through the axons this hormone in association with special type of proteins these proteins with which the hormone come down those Proteins are called neurophysons what are those proteins called neurophysian so ADH in association with neurophytens is produced by the Supra optic nucleus and neurons and from those neurons through special nerve fibers it goes downward and backward and eventually ADH reaches to posterior pituitary gland and in the posterior pituitary ADH

is stored into these Vesicles ADH is stored into these vesicles and what happens when you are not drinking water when you are not drinking water right then what happens if you are sweating and not drinking water your blood will become more concentrated blood will become hyper or smaller then some of the neurons here work as osmoreceptor they work as osmo receptors so when your blood osmolality goes up osmo receptors are Stimulated they produce action potential in supraoptic nuclei and action potentials go down and release the a d h into blood anti-diuretic hormone to the blood

can go to the kidney and in the kidney in the nephrons it work on the last part of the Nephron which is called distal convoluted tubule and collecting tubule ADH hormone will work on the cells and distal convoluted tubule and collecting tubule and make This part of this part of the Nephron more permeable to water more permeable to water and water will be reabsorbed so it is this is a hormone water will come down out and do you think water will go into urine now no water is reabsorbed so urine will become less or more

so what happens when you are not drinking water blood become concentrated Osmo receptor detect that blood is hyperosmolar they stimulate the superoptic nucleus that releases the preformed and pre-stored ADH anti-digitic hormone in the blood which act on the distal convolated tubule and collecting duct of the nephrons and make them very permeable to water and water is reabsorbed back to the body and urine is having less water and become urine become concentrated so it is an attempt to conserve the water So that water should not be lost in urine but when you drink a lot of

water for example you keep on drinking lot of water someone says he will give you one dollar if you drink 10 glasses of water what happens you drink lot of water water goes to the blood osmo receptor sense that osmolality of blood is down so osmo receptor becomes inhibited they don't stimulate this and this hormone is not released and in the absence of this hormone when this Hormone is not there this part of the Nephron is not permeable to water so most of the filter most of the water in the Lumen of nephron which come

here cannot be reabsorbed and goes into urine so when you are drinking more water urine you will pass is that right moreover anti-diuretic hormone also has receptors on the blood vessels on the smooth muscles of blood vessels and if anti-diuretic hormone bind here blood Vessels construct in high concentration anti-diuretic hormone can produce vasoconstriction that is why this hormone is also called vasopressin so vasopressin is the other name for which hormone anti-digit hormone so we can say where the anti-digitic hormone is produced supraoptic nucleus mainly and where it is stored in posterior patriotary and when it

is released it release depends on the action of osmoreceptors in the Hypothalamus am I clear so in supraoptic nucleus how many nuclear we have discussed supracasmatic nucleus concerned with circadian rhythm anterior hypothalamic nucleus concerned with the temperature regulation does not allow the body temperature to go up keeps the body cool in higher environmental temperature plus pathetic activation and superoptic nucleus which is mainly concerned with production of ADH right and then there is a very Important nucleus here okay I hope you can recognize it what is it it's a woman you feel in hypothalamus there's a

woman what is that but do you think there can be breast in hypothalamus no so why I have really made this diagram yes very good this is a nucleus which produces yes What happened to you people you feel excited isn't it I'm surprised even a little stimulation can excite you and what is this this is uterus which is found only in females okay you have good general knowledge now breast and the uterus both of them are not there in the hypothalamus of course but this nucleus is called paraventricular nucleus because it is Just on the

side of the third ventricle let me tell you that if this is the third ventricle right here is your which part of hypothalamus medial part of hypothalamus this nuclei is here and here so because on the side of the ventricle they are carved paraventricular nucleus paraventricular Nucleus the neurons in paraventricular nucleus produce very special type of hormone and that hormone from these neuronal cells goes down to where posterior pressure tray right and this hormone which is produced by para ventricular nucleus mostly this hormone is produced by paramentricular nucleus this hormone is called oxytocin oxytocin also

goes down in association with Neurophysons as ADH was going with neurophytens oxytocin also goes in association with neuro physics and through these neurons these neurons are very long axon which end up into nerve ending and posterior pituitary and in the vesicle this is a hormone stored what is the name of this hormone oxytocin and oxytocin whenever it is released right oxytocin has two function number one that just in the pregnant Uterus in the smooth muscles of the uterus they have oxytocin receptors and just before the birth of the baby lot of oxytocin is released from

here remember oxytocin is synthesized in paraventricular nucleus but it is stored in posterior facial tree a lot of oxytocin is released just before the birth of the baby then oxytocin will act on uterus and uterus will strongly contract and push the baby Down a route down and out right so that so it means that oxytocin help in the child birth in the liver process is that right number two another thing whenever baby suckles the breast mother's breast when baby suckles the mother's breast what happens that Action Potential from here start you know mothers have in

the nipple and areola lot of Sensory nerve endings right for when baby suckles there these sensory nerve endings are stimulated and Pathways go up so the sensory pathway and eventually they are connected with hypothalamus so what happens when baby suckles mother's breast write this sensation through the ascending sensory system are connected with what super optic nucleus and hypothalamus an action potential come down a lot of oxytocin is released so whenever baby Suckles here hypothalamus produces action potential and releases the oxytocin from posterior pituitary and when there's more oxytocin goes to the breast and in mother

breast let's suppose this is the breast and here is the milk producing unit right and this is the duct right what really happens around these milk producing unit there are special Type of cells and these cells now this is a cell we call it myoepithelial cells and these cells have receptors for oxytocin so when baby suckles here sensation go to the mother central nervous system oxytocin oxytocin come release and bind here and it stimulates these cells and these cells contract and whatever milk is stored here that milk will come out Am I clear so in

this way mothers are not producing milk all the time especially they are producing the milk all the time but they are not releasing the milk all the time they release them baby really put his mouth there and start suckling but you know mothers are very sensitive about the baby so mother limbic system has also special neuron and circuit you know limbic system is emotional centers so sometimes When baby just cries mother just look at the baby right so what happens when baby is crying action potential through auditory system go to the limbic system and limbic

system connection stimulate this a whole pathway and release what oxytocin and sometimes mother just hear the Cry of the baby and milk let down starts why you are surprised You're looking very surprised I think okay anyway this is their women's business right and no but you have been through that you have been baby at least I think in past right so now what we can see that this nucleus which is what nucleus Para ventricular nucleus paraventricular nucleus can release oxytocin which can help in uterus contraction just before the labor onset and help the milk lead

Down is that right any question up to this right so how many nuclei we have discussed in this region what is this region Supra optic region right number one suprachiasmatic concerned with the Circadian rhythm interior thalamic hypothalamic nucleus concerned with Temperature regulation and parasympathetic in our system Supra optic nucleus concerned mainly with ADI it produces 90 ADH and ten percent oxytocin and paraventricular nuclei which produce mostly oxytocin and very little ADH and they produce one more thing these paraventricular nucleus that is c r h what is crh corticotropin releasing hormone that will talk in the

next next Discussion right any question up to this no so let's have a break so my friends we were discussing about hypothalamus that's great so we were discussing about the functions of different nuclei of hypothalamus in the beginning of the lectures we discussed about that hypothalamuses extending from optic chiasma up to the upper part of midbrain which is basically up to interpreticular fossa is that right and hypothalamus has very important features On its inferior surface or ventral surface you can say that it has a tubercinerium very good ah and with median Eminence and it has

infundabulum and posterior liters to mammalary bodies is that right on Military bodies and then I told you that hypothalamus can be divided into right hypothalamus and left hypothalamus and each hypothalamus is divided into medial and lateral part and which two structure divide the hypothalamus into medial and lateral Formix and mamelothalamic very good excellent right and previously we have discussed in detail the lateral hypothalamus that we discussed in the lateral hypothalamus they were areas for hunger and anger and thirst very good hunger anger and thirst these areas are present on the lateral hypothalamus right and then

we were discussing last time the medial hypothalamus and different regions and nuclei are contained within right so Let's do a little review and then we will do thank you now now I need to draw a hypothalamus okay first of all what should be here optic chiasma optic chasma right and here is hypothalamus and this is its median structure right tuber yes scenarium here is Infundibulum which will divide into yes and posterior pituitary gland right of course pituitary gland is not the part of hypo Thalamus pituitary gland is not the part of hypothalamus right now so

this was tuber scenarium and this part of the tubers anemia cyanurium is more swollen and it is called median Eminence and median Eminence has a special nucleus called arcuate nucleus then more posteriorly here is yes what is it bodies are there are two memory bodies one on the right side another on the left side is that right and then here is which structure just please midbrain and pawns and medulla and of course there is no fun in telling that here is your beloved Is that right and what we have discussed last time that if we

are if this is the hypothalamus from the this is the left hypothalamus and we can see its medial side it's the medial side of left hypothalamus is that right and we were discussing about different nuclei and first of all the most interior region there was something here there was a nucleus here yes what is that This is pre-optic nucleus right and this origin is called pre-optic origin this region is called yes pre optic region and if you remember what was the main function of pre-optic nucleus pre-optic nucleus contained a special type of nucleus within what

was that dimorphic nucleus right pre-optic nucleus has dimorphic nucleus sexually Dimorphic nucleus and pre-optic nucleus control your sexual development which is under the influence of testosterone right and pre-optic nucleus also releases gonadotropin releasing hormone what are what are release from here yes Ronaldo tropin releasing factors gonadotropin releasing factors is that right they are also released from it Any question up to this then more posterior medially more posterior to the pre-optic region there is supraoptic region what is there there is supraoptic religion this was pre-optic region and now here there is another region and this region

is yes Supra optic region And more lateral to that more posterior to that here there is very good tuberal region and here is yes memory region memory region so actually the medial part medial part of the hypothalamus is divided into four regions As you move from interior side to the posterior side That you are moving from pre-optic region to the super optic region to the tuberal region and eventually Mandarin region and one nucleus we discussed pre-optic nucleus which was in the afternoon pre-optic region is that right then now we are going to discuss about which

area super optic region right now we are going to discuss about Supra so I separate here is now your super optic Region right now the nuclei which are present in this property region in the super optic region nucleus which was very important and yes yes what is this uh this is Supra chaos genetic nucleus supracasmatic nucleus has very very important connection with the chiasma it has a very very important connection with the Chiasma if you know there is one eyeball here is another eyeball and here is your chiasma now actually from the chiasma there are

special connections right from the chiasma there are very special connections going to which nucleus foreign nucleus and these fibers are of course coming from retina so this path is called retinochiasmatic Pathway right and fibers if you really want to understand from supracasmatic nucleus special connections are going to yes special connections are going to havingular nucleus and from the habilar nucleus connections are going to what is it pineal body so what we can say that basically look retinol cosmetic pathway and from the chiasma connections are going Through the ability nucleus to the pineal gland or pineal

body right all this structure supracasmatic nucleus in association with the pineal gland is concerned with the control of circadian rhythms and control of circadian rhythms is that right any question up to this no right so and one question normally what are the substances which are produced by the pineal body I'm about to be impressed by someone what are the substances which are secreted by pineal body you must know that melatonin melatonin this is called the hormone of Darkness because melatonin is produced when you are sleeping right moreover it also produce five hydroxytryptamine and it can

also produce pineal gland cells Cholecystokinin and they are playing a role in circadian rhythm is that right this is your internal biological clock right anyway and you must know that two habinolar nuclei with havingular commissure along with the pineal body whole structure is called epithalamus what is it called epithalamus is that right anyway let's come back and concentrate on the hypothalamus so there was supraciasmatic nucleus and you know you know the most Important function of supracasmatic nucleus is that it is connected through the chiasma with the very special type of yes through the chasma supracasmatic

nucleus is connected special fibers to the retina right and eventually to the pineal body now there are other important nuclei also in supraoptic region and in the Supra optic Region there is a nucleus called interior thalamic nucleus now anterior thalamic nucleus is here right what is it this is air conditioner when you use air conditioner when when the temperature is hot so actually this is interior thalamic nucleus anterior thalamic nucleus is Concerned with the response to high temperature when environmental temperature is high interior thalamic nucleus will become active and cool down right so we can

say yes please sorry interior hypothalamic thank you for correcting me there was someone who was really listening with his ears so this is interior hypothalamic nucleus very good so interior hypothalamic nucleus is concerned it we also call it Anti-rise Center right what this nucleus is doing that when environmental temperature is high this nucleus activate the pathways which keep the body temperature low they help in keeping the body cool how when this nucleus is stimulated number one you start sweating and when you are sweating and air blows by right sweat will evaporate and it will take

some thermal energy away Is that right so you can say that when you are sweating it is the interior hypothalamic nucleus secondly it will produce cutaneous blood vessels dilation cutaneous blood vessels will be dilated so that ah blood from deeper part of the body should come more on the surface of the body on the skin so that from the skin he heat can be lost right by convection and radiation Is that right so we can say a stimulation of this interior hypothalamic nucleus can activate sweating process and it can also activate yes visual dilation of

the skin is that right vessels so it is called anti Right Center or we can say the center produces response to the warm temperatures right or it is a nucleus which is responsible to keep our body Cool but of course not more than another thing this nucleus also has other parasympathetic functions also other parasympathetic functions which are associated with this nucleus are when this nucleus is stimulated of course what are the parasympathetic function heart rate will go down is the right git activity will become more and micturition and defecation is that right so what we

can say that this Nucleus which is interior hypothalamic nucleus this has very important function the number one it is yes NT rice Center number two it is mediating other parasympathetic nervous system functions is that right so both of supracasmatic and interior hypothalamic nucleus are in which region medial hypothalamus right in which region Supra optic region then there is another nucleus here and this nucleus Which is present over here yes what is that Supra optic nucleus and last time we were discussing about that supraoptic nucleus has which important uh this is suppose anti-diuretic hormone producing neurons

right and these neurons have their exons which are going to the posterior pituitary and I told you 90 percent of the what is that Hormone is produced by the neuronal cell bodies in supropic nucleus and then through the neurophysons they are going to the with the neurophysin proteins these are going in a vesicles and stored into posterior pituitary antidiuretic hormone and you must be knowing that when anti-diuretic hormone is released in the blood anti-diuretic hormone it help in reabsorption of water from the last part Of nephron and in high concentration anti-diuretic hormone can also produce

Vaso construction that is why it is also called is that right then another important nucleus which is present over here is yes what is that Para ventricular nucleus and paraventricular nucleus it produces yes it produces oxytocin mostly Right it produces mostly yes oxytocin oxytocin and as I told you previously oxytocin is concerned with the contraction of the uterus during the labor right moreover it oxytocin can stimulate the release of milk from the breast is that right remember milk production is under control of prolactin that is under controller prolactin prolactins produced by anterior Pituitary but milk

let down is under control of oxytocin any question up to here no and this nucleus is called which nucleus para ventricular nucleus and these fibers these fibers which are from supraoptic nucleus and paramentricular nucleus these fibers are taking ADH and oxytocin and these fibers are going to the posterior pituitary this pathway is Called yes please what is the name of this pathway por favor tell me this is called this pathway bundle of the neurons hypo hypothalamic hypophysical yes what it is Supra Optical it's Supra Optical hypophysical track what is this bundle of neurons these are

called Supra Optical but it has fibers from the super optic nucleus as well as From the paraventricular nucleus right so Supra Optical hypophysial track now this track is very important because if stock of this pituitary is disrupted for example in some accident in head injury if this is broken right still from the endings hormones can be released because hormone is primarily synthesized In hypothalamus and stored over here these two hormones are not synthesized in posterior simple synthesized in the nuclei of hypothalamus is that right but very important thing that if superoptic nucleus is damaged or

hormonalizing mechanism is not working the deficiency of antidiurotic hormone will produce a condition called diabetes insipidus have you heard of diabetes insipidus you never heard of it okay you Will hear few things when you grow up right let's suppose this is your Nephron in the kidney right your kidney has many many nephrons like this one kidney has about 1.2 million nephrons normally what happened that fluid is filtered from here and fluid will eventually appear as drop off urine if normally if 100 ml fluid is Filtered here only one ml come as a urine so out

of the fluid which is filtered in the glomerular eye only one percent come as urine most of this water is reabsorb most of this water is reabsorbed now reabsorption of water in last part of nephron depends on permeability of look now these are the cells which are present in last part of nephron which is Called cortical cortical nephron and a cortical ducks and collecting tubules now these cells are sensitive to antidiuretic hormone in the presence of antidisuretic hormone the presence of what ADH in the presence of ADH right these cells become water permeable last part

of the Nephron become water permeable and then it become more water permeable most of the water will be Reabsorbed and urine will be very little because most of the water which is coming here goes back to the body it's in the presence of antidiuretic hormone last part of the Nephron reabsorb most of the water and urine amount become very little so you pass concentrated urine is that right now how this system work actually here are special neurons which are called osmoreceptors what are they called Osmoreceptors and osmoreceptors are also present in lateral hypothalamus also when

for example if you are not drinking water if you don't allow me to drink water I'm still losing some water and sweating some water and urine so my blood will get start getting concentrated and osmolality of body fluid will go up and then osmolality of body fluid will go up Osmos receptors will be stimulated which will stimulate the supraoptic nucleus And release of adiac and when I'm developing deprivation of water there's more hormone in the blood which hormone which is against the digiosis against the loss of water and urine anti-diutic hormone it will make last

part of the Nephron very permeable to water water will be reabsorbed and very little amount of urine will be coming and urine will be concentrated and when you drink very high amount of water if you drink a lot of water Then your blood has a little high post molality little diluted then osmo receptors are inhibited and ADH is not released and in the absence of ADH last part of the Nephron is not water permeable so whatever water is coming here most of it will go into urine and you will release large amount of urine which

is diluted Amma clear in this way ADH system is working along with the Osmos receptor and the last part of the Nephron to control your Water balance am I clear no question okay if due to some reason ADH is not produced right for example the damage in hypothalamus anterior pituitary or pituitary Stark and fundabulum and ADH is not available in sufficient amount then last part of the Nephron are not permeable to water so water cannot be reabsorbed from last part of the Nephron so per such person who has deficiency of ADH will will not be

able to reabsorb the water from last part of nephron he will pass very large amount of urine diluted urine is that right and we call and he will become hypovolemic and he will develop spear thirst and he will keep on drinking maybe 20 jug of water every day and passing a lot of urine a lot of diluted urine this condition is called diabetes NC Pedas what is it called Diabetes it is not diabetes mellitus it is diabetes and see does so diabetes insipiduses and because there is this type of diabetes insipidus is due to deficiency

of ADH due to damage in the central nervous system so we call it cranial diabetes and sleep with us what type of diabetes insipidus cranial type of diabetes insipidus any question here No okay after that now we come to the we have completed our discussion of Supra optic region right and paraventricular nucleus also releases one type of peptide c r f corticotropin releasing factor or typical tropin hormone releasing Factor right this is also produced by the paraventricular now we come to the next area and what is that One now we have come to the next

area and that is Supra that is tubal region now we are going to deal with the tuberal religion now this is tubular region right now in this tubular region there are three important nuclei one nuclear says it is like an arc so it is called arcuate nucleus Is it right what is this nucleus this is Arquette nucleus and then there are two important nuclei here also and they are one of them is very very you can see right and there is another nucleus there which is not a very happy nucleus now I will tell you

the functions names and functions of these nuclei okay this is the Arquette nucleus right It is present in the swelling of tuber scenarium and that swelling is called median eminence then this is ventro medial nucleus because this was a medial hypothalamus what was it medial hypothalamus it is in ventral part and this is an dorsal part so it is ventromedial that is dorsal medial so there is ventromedial nucleus and this is dorso medial nucleus so these three important nuclei are present In tuberal region now actually what happens first of all I will tell you the

function of Arquette nucleus earthquake nucleus has many neurons and these neurons these are neuronal cell bodies and these neurons are releasing their substances in infundabulum and in this part of infundabulum there is a very special of vascular very special type of vascular arrangement There are scapularies here and product which are secreted by these neurons release their product in these people rays and from these people release these substances go into venous system and then they go into secondary capillary that in interior pituitary so what is happening that there are there's an arterial system coming here breaking

down into capillaries and converting into Winner system this and this venous system again break down to capillaries in anterior pituitary and then again going to veins is that right when this capillary network is present in between the two veins we call it what portal system so this is called hypothalamic hypophysical system what is hypothalamic hypophysical Portal system it's a very special vascular arrangement That there is one primary capillary set in infundabulon and median eminence and whatever substances are secreted by the hypothalamic Arquette nucleus these substances are taken up by the primary set of people Rays

these people is joined together make the veins these vein again in this way all these product through this portal special vascular system will go to where to interior Picture tree and they will actually influence the cells of interior so these product from the what is this Arquette nucleus right are taken up by the spiritual system brought to the interior pituitary and anterior pituitary cells are sensitive to the product coming from nucleus is that right now actually Interior pituitary produces lot of hormones an arguid nucleus and other hypothalamic nucleus are producing the factors which are called

release factors or release inhibitory factors for example this cell is producing growth hormone what is it is producing growth hormone but actually from Arquette nucleus there may be ah here may be what growth hormone release factor or there may be release Of growth hormone release inhibiting factor which is also called so metal so matter Statin right so so growth hormone releasing factors and growth hormone release inhibiting factors are peptides which are produced by Arcade nucleus and its fibers and release to the portal system and come to the anterior pituitary and control the Release of growth

hormone then in the same way for example this is releasing yes what is it releasing let us positive releasing TSH TSH is thyroid stimulating hormone right so naturally then there must be some factors which are coming from here and of course through arcade nucleus the system and that is TSH releasing Factor is that right then you know that Interior pituitary cells can release FSH and LH is that right and to control the release of FSH and LH from the arcade nuclear system and also from the pre-optic nucleus there is a release of yes yes gonadotropin

releasing factors is that right then if from here you have a release of yes a hormone which goes to adrenal cortex and control the release of Cortisol what is that hormone called adrenal corticotropic hormone AC t h adreno cortical Tropic hormone it is released by interior picture so naturally then from this system through here what should be coming a c t h releasing factor or it is simply called or the same sub peptide is called c r h corticotropic corticotropine releasing hormone this is produced by Paraventricular nucleus as well as from arcade nucleus gonadotropin releasing

factors were produced by pre-optic as well as arcade nucleus other components are coming from the Arquette nucleus then there is what we have discussed there is growth hormone release Factor growth hormone release inhibiting Factor TSH releasing Factor or we simply call it trh what do we call it t r h that is thyrotropin releasing hormone then Gonotropine releasing hormone and corticotropine releasing hormone releasing factors remember all of them which have written here all of them are short peptides what are they all of them are short peptide now we come to something very important that this

is releasing prolactin this is Prolactin producing cells they very commonly produce adenoma hair or tumor here prolactin producing tumor we'll talk about that later now this is Prolactin producing cells and they are under the influence of number one a peptide which is coming from there and that peptide is called prolactin releasing Factor right but more importantly there is another substance which is released by these neurons and this inhibit this substance passes through the system and come here and it inhibits the release of release of Prolactin and this substance is called prolactin release inhibiting Factor later

on we discovered this substance is actually yes dopamine dopa mean so we can say arcade nucleus some of us neurons in arequate nucleus produce dopamine which goes through hypophysio hypothalamic hypophysical portal system to the anterior picture tree and this dopamine act as inhibitory factor for the production of prolactin This dopamine is acting as inhibitory factor for the production of prolactin am I clear there is no problem here right now what we are going to do that's many times when arcade nucleus is injured or this pituitary stock is damaged dopamine is not coming here then prolactin

producing cells are not inhibited and prolactin producing cells start producing massive amount of Prolactin and females develop a person develop hyper prolactinemia and hyperprolactinemia activate the breast and produces milk and this is called this type of inappropriate milk production is called glectoria what is it called glectoria so what I what I said that if there's damage to the hypothalamus or Deo pituitary is disconnected with the stock then what will happen that yes what is happening the dopamine is not Not going there right so there is that will lead to increase prolactin right increase prolactin will

lead to which has number one galactoria galactorrhea number two very high concentration of prolactin will inhibit the FSH and LH production which is produced from here will inhibit the production of FSH and LH and if there's female she will develop deficiency of FSH and LH which will Translate into amenorrhea a menorrhea so this is called glectoria amenorrhea syndrome what is it called galactoria amenorrhea syndrome that female is for example there's a girl who never had a baby but start producing the milk and she developed amenorrhea maybe she is having a either damage to the hypothalamus

and not not what not producing dopamine which is re and so prolactin production is not inhabited Or other cause of similar syndrome may be that there is a tumor of prolactin producing cells prolactin producing cells multiply too much and inappropriately produce heavy amount of prolactin and that tumor is called prolactinoma or we call it prolactin producing adenoma what do you call it prolactin producing adenoma and that produces galactoria amenorrhea syndrome and prolactin producing adenoma May grow upward and Damida chiasma and when chasma damages tumor goes up damages the chiasma that produces visual field defect if

chasma is damaged if tumor grows up right then there will be visual field the facts and what really happened that these fibers from what is this from the nasal retina which are crossing through chiasma these fibers are damaged by the tumor nasal fibers so nasal retina does not work am I clear What is happening any tumor from the pituitary which goes upward may damage and you know in the chiasma fiber coming from the medial Hemi retinol Crossing so medial Hemi retina fibers do not work and medial Hemi retina fibers look at the outer side of

the visual field so outer part of the visual field become blind so we call it that such person because medial retina are not working so you cannot see Outer part of the visual field and we say patient developed by temporal hemianopia by temporal hemianopia right damage to the nasal fibers are you with me or not if you are not concerned understanding I can explain it better you want me to explain or it's okay it's okay for you also okay so all the tumors right from the pituitary we should go upward damage the chiasma so damage

the crossing fibers in the chasma These Crossing fibers were coming from medial Hemi retiny when medial Hemi retina don't work the lateral part of the visual field are blind so we say there is lateral part of visual field is also called temporal part of visual field so biotemporal Hemi inopy America any question here no okay so this was few words about the Arquette nucleus and this bundle of fibers you Know these bundle of fibers which are going from here up to where from arcade nucleus up to the portal system this this bundle of fibers is

called yes it is called tubero hypophysical track because this is tuberal region from the tubular region these fibers are going to the portal system we call it tubero yes tubero hypophysical track Any question here there's no question now we come to this area this nucleus this is ventral medial and that is ventro dorsal medial very good both of them are medial but one is ventral and other is dorsal ventromedial nucleus ventromedial nucleuses basically Center satiety Center when you are taking your Dinner right when you are eating a Time come when you do not want to

eat anymore then we say yours you are having you are no more hungry right actually what happened from Ventra medial nucleus there are some cells here which are glucose glucose sensitive there are some other cells which are sensitive to some hormones from git so these cells in the winter median nucleus are sensitive to The blood glucose level and also sensitive to some hormones coming from git so when you are eating the food when you eaten enough this nucleus is stimulated and when this nucleus is stimulated it inhibits a nucleus in the lateral what they are

doing they inhibit the nucleus in the lateral hypothalamus or what was the nucleus here doing Hunger Center so this is called satiety Center when you say I am Seated it means you have eaten enough you don't want to eat any more so when you have eaten enough the ventromedial nucleus is stimulated and this inhibits the hunger Center and then you stop eating right and the same nucleus and neurons around this area when they are stimulated you feel happy or you feel rewarded or you feel player so you can say static Center and happiness Center in

the hypothalamus are in the same area In ventromedial nucleus you have static Center and you have it Center with static Center happiness and Reward Center is that right now you have a question that is sensitive to leptin also right that will discuss and other things you know you have the concept of leptin okay let me tell you suppose here are your body fat cells your body fat cell produce a hormone called leptin It is coming from liposite this hormone this leptin through the blood can come to hypothalamus hypo thalamus and it adjusts the body weight

through hypothalamus for example if you are too much fat if you have you are eating too much and there's too much fat then more leptin is produced leptin will come to hypothalamus it inhibits the hunger Center and stimulate the static Center so in future you will eat less and if you'll eat less then hypothalamus will reduce the intake of food and that will adjust the adipocyte total fat in your body so actually what happens that basically hypothalamus has a set point for your weight is the right hypothalamus as a set point for your weight for

example in my Hypothalamus it is said that my weight should be 70 kg now listen what happened let us suppose I become severely ill or I start very strong dieting and I lose 10 kg I just can't dream of it I never did it right so with sphere you can say dieting I reduce my weight from 70 to 60 kg then what will happen from my fat store leptin will become less then hypothalamic function will be altered in such a way that once I finish Dieting I will be feeling more hungry and less started and

I will eat more and again my weight will go back that is why 90 percent of the people who do the dieting they have a tendency to regain the same weight which they had previously because every as you know in the refrigerator there is a thermostat hypothalamus has thermostat glucostatic osmostatic and your weight stat hypothalamus has thermostat It is also your osmostat it also has your glucose stack and it also has your weight controlling system so actually in everybody's hypothalamus there's already to see and what should be your weight when you tend to in the

long term when you tend to increase your weight from your set point for example my set point is 70 kg maybe your set point is 100 kg now if both of us start dieting I become 60 and you become 90 but once you stop Dieting I will become back to 70 and you will go back to 100 because your hypothalamus set point is 100 kg and my is 70 kg is that right so what really happens when your weight is body weight is less than the hypothalamic set point then hypothalamus will increase hunger and decrease

satiety hunger Center will be overactive and steady Center ventromedial will be underactive but if you are your weight is more than what is The hypothalamic set point for your weight then hypothalamus will program the body to shed the weight how by increasing steady Center activity and decrease in hunger activity so you understand the role of leptin that basically leptin is a hormone produced by liposites in the body and hypothalamic many neurons in hypothalamus are sensitive to the concentration of leptin if there is too much leptin you feel More stated and less hunger and if there's

two less lepton you will feel more hungry and less situated is that clear now I was telling you that this ventromedial nucleus which is also static Center and also it is concerned with player and happiness if this nucleus is stimulated what will happen you will feel all the time statute and you will not eat more if in an if an an animal You stimulate this area for example you put an elect electrode in the rat brain in this area and you make an arrangement that every time the rat or okay let me make this experiment

here it's very interesting experiment here okay rather than red we make a monkey and this is a cage right and in this cage there is an unfortunate monkey Right now if you put a special Sports platform here and you have a device here which is connected with the platform and from here you have connected with the hypothalamus now listen let us post this electrode is in ventro medial nucleus which nucleus ventromedial nucleus so by chance if monkey press it what will happen when Intermedial nucleus will be stimulated do you think the monkey will like to

eat no but he will monkey will feel happy so what will happen that monkey will feel all that I'm stated it will ignore all the food keep on losing the weight and all the day it will be sitting and pressing it for which purpose to feel happiness is that right so you don't need to have this cage and this thing to feel happy you can do Other things you just eat more food and feel a little happy is that right so what happened that if ventromedial nucleus is over stimulated you will develop anorexia anorexia you

will not eat anything and if it if neurons around this area are also stimulated you will feel happy is the right reward and that is why in all those animals where circuit like this is established every day all the time they are pressing the bars Clear now if it is over stimulated you feel you lose the weight and you feel great happy but opposite to that if you damage the both ventromedial nuclei can you feel can you feel static can you suppress hunger Center no so if both ventromedial nucleus are damaged you feel hungry all

the time and angry all the time and you develop Savage Behavior you know like Angry people is that right so it is true that in those rats or animal where both ventromedial nuclei are damaged they actually keep on eating and eating and they become very much obese overweight animal with that they are all the time very angry is that right usually people who are overweight most of the time I find them very pleasant but this will be an unusual situation that is an obese person with lot of anger right now this Type of problem can

occur due to hypothalamic injury also sometimes there are tumors from interior pituitary or nearby area and these tumors go up and damage this region ventromedial region is injured or damaged and your ventral medial nuclear are not working you will never feel static and you will under it or overeat you will overeat and you will keep on eating and eating but you will never feel happy you will be all the time Angry and you will have Savage Behavior so let me repeat if both of these nuclear are damaged right then hunger centers will dominate they cannot

be inhibited and you will overeat you will become very fat and obese right and you will become more irritable and angry and you will display Savage wild behavior is that right this type of opacity is called hypothalamic obesity what is this Obesity but in hypothalamic opacity it is very easy to understand if tumor is coming from here to up look here that will not only damage this area but that will damage this nucleus also right so gonadotropin religion hormone will not be coming there so sexual dysfunctions will also develop so person who is very fat

all the time angry is male impotent female galacteria and immunorrhea maybe there is hypothalamic injury is that right with that there Will be disturbed sleep pattern right there may be disturbed sleep pattern even too much sleep sleep episodes all that 24 hours we call it somno lands what we call it sominal lens right and with that of course there can be some other complications which I will discuss later so you understand ventromedial nucleus here is dwarfo medial nucleus which is supposed to balance it dorsomedial nucleus when it is Stimulated you feel angry and you feel

punished so you can say ventromedial nucleus is Reward Center and dorsomedial nucleus is punishment Center and dorsal medial nucleus has connections with the lateral hypothalamus right so and lateral hypothalamus and dorsomedial nucleus usually fire at the same time so it means hunger and anger are a function of the lateral hypothalamus and also dorsal medial nucleus and happiness player and Tranquility and strategy is a function of ventro medial nucleus is that right so generally speaking just right so now we have learned and now listen if dorsomedial nucleus is overstimulated you will develop wild angry Savage Behavior

but if both dorsal medial nucleus are destroyed you will become very Placid and you will become very passive and you will become very obedient I think many Wives if they come to know they will pray their husbands dorsomedial nucleus should be damage somehow so that they become very much like domestic animals you know this is one of the major duty of a wife to domesticate her husband but usually they like to go out and be wild right so what I'm saying that one of the way to domesticate the husband is that wife should damage the

husbands ventro dorsal medial nuclei so they are less Angry and maybe with that a little damage to the do you think damage should be done to the lateral nucleus no because if damages to the lateral nucleus then he will not feel of course you will not feel angry but at the same time he will not feel hungry you will not feel thirsty and I don't think most of the wise will be that cruel is that right so it is enough to damage dorsal medial and just get the male passive but don't do too much damage

because if The damage extend to all this area importance can develop right now this was about the tuberal region now few words about Memorial region Memorial region has number one a mammalian nuclei here memory nuclear here and look what is this what do you think what is it there's a glass there is a cup there is plate so it is indicating that military Nucleus is concerned with feeding Behavior eating Behavior feeding feed in my friend is that right it is concerned with eating Behavior okay eating Behavior but listen this if you stimulate this nucleus you

stop eating if you stimulate the lateral hypothalamus you start eating or do you stimulate this you will start making the Movement as if you are eating you will start right this is memorial body am I clear so my middle body controls your eating mechanisms right any question up to here and of course it has many other functions also it is one of the component of the Papas circuit you remember I told you public circuit is concerned with the recent memory and Mobility body has many more functions also but one of the very important Function of

the memory body is that it is concerned with the eating behavior and then another very important disease here is that in the deficiency of vitamin B1 hemorrhagic Leones develop here and condition is called vernic is one neck is corsakoff syndrome right I tell you if there's severe deficiency of B vitamin B1 this is typically seen in chronicle collects If this deficiency of vitamin B1 is there memory body May undergo hemorrhagic lions and there may be degenerative lions in medial nucleus of dorsal medial nucleus of hypothalamus and there may be degeneratively and in periquiductal gray matter

periquiductal gray matter and there may be hemorrhagic and degenerative lens and Superior and inferior colliculi again Lesson PSI and sphere vitamin B one deficiency which is typically seen in chronic alcoholics and also seen in severely malnourished persons if the sphere damage of it patient may develop memory body degenerative and hemorrhagic lens stranding backwards these lines up to backward and upward to the dorsometal nucleus of hypothalamus sorry dorsomedial nucleus of Thalamus and Leon's extend downward periquiductal gray matter and part of the midbrain and also what is this right and all these lens will produce clinical presentation

right clinical presentation in which there are ocular pulses they are ocular pulses eyeballs cannot you know then third nerve and fourth number coming from this area if their nuclei are damaged then ah ocular motor nerve and trochlan of Nuclear damage or ah conjugate eye movements are Disturbed right that will produce ocular pulses is that right even pupil will dilate right people reab normalities will be seen with that there can be ataxia in coordination of movement is that right and with that there may be confusional state confusional State and especially a very typical problem that is

called Amnesia what is that Amnesia m ESI Amnesia is the two type of Amnesia integrate and retrograde Amnesia means you forget the things if I forget the things of the past it is retrograde amnesia and if I forget the things which are happening now and onwards that is integrate Amnesia again listen for example someone developed damage to the memory body one year back Now if he is all the memory before one year is before the Leon is wiped out so we call it retrograde amnesia and even after the injury during the last year after the

lien he did not record any memory that is integrate Amnesia because person forget the things so he tells you the lies for example you ask him what you have eaten in the morning maybe he has eaten in the morning ah Egg with chicken and bread but he does not remember so he is embarrassed so patient will tell you okay I eat maybe some ice cream if you ask him from where you are coming maybe he's coming from hospital but he forget he's coming from hospital but you try to be clever you say okay I'm coming

from gymnasium is that right this type of lies which pers patient is speaking to fill the gaps in the memory they are Given a special word a special word is confabulations what is that con Fabu relations so these patients with vernikis Corsa cough syndrome they develop Amnesia and they also develop confabulations Innocent Lies to fill the gaps of memory gaps is that right and remember one thing very important that When you will become doctor if a patient comes with hypoglycemia in the hospital an old man comes with hypoglycemia sometimes would happen if you give concentrated

glucose when you give concentrated glucose if person if person had been previously heavily alcoholic for example there was an old man or young man who was chronic alcoholic he developed hypoglycemia he is brought to the hospital and you give High amount of glucose when you give high amount of glucose whatever little thiamine is present is utilized by glucose metabolism and severe deficiency of thiamine develop and percent develop hemorrhagic ions in these areas it means if there is a chronic alcoholic admitted in hospital right and he is having hypoglycemia and you give concentrated glucose he may

develop what If his thiamine stores are margin already very little heavy amount of glucose going in the body glucose metabolism will utilize the remaining little thiamine and Sewer thymine deficiency will precipitate in nervous system and person will develop degenerative hemorrhagic lens in my military body and into ah Thalamus dorsomedial nucleus of Thalamus and Peri equilateral gray matter and Superior colliculi and he will develop all these Problems ocular pulses Ataxia confusional state with amnesias and confabulations and we say that what has precipitated vernikis corsakov syndrome how to prevent it make it a basic rule if someone

has severe hypoglycemia if someone has severe hypo glycemia and person is having a history of chronic alcoholism whenever you give high amount of glucose always give it with a heavy dose of Vitamin B1 this is the basic principle that anyone who comes with hypoglycemia and if you are not sure person has enough B1 store or not especially in The Chronic alcoholic patients if you have to give dextrose concentrated glucose you have to give along with so that you prevent this thing now the last few word the last nucleus is here And this nucleus is called

this nucleus is called what is this nucleus the hair was interior nuclear synthesis posterior hypothalamic nucleus it has two functions you remember anterior nucleus was anti-rise Center this is anti fall Center right secondly it is also having sympathetic nervous system activity Listen now if posterior hypothalamic nucleus is stimulated right it is specially stimulated when you are very cold if environmental temperature is very low if environmental temperature is very low then posterior hypothalamic nucleus is stimulated and it will keep your body warm how it will number one it will give descending Pathways which will go to

the body and constrict all the blood vessels to the skin so that blood from the deeper part of the body Should not come to the skin surface and body heat should not be coming to the skin surface so that body heat should not be lost again when there is very cold environment posterior hypothalamic nucleus is stimulated and number one it activate the vasoconstriction cutaneous vasoconstriction so that body heat is preserved in the deeper part of the body and heat body heat through the blood should not Come into superficial blood vessels and heat should not be

lost and if there's too much cold then it will give Pathways which will go down and activate shivering so that you will generate more heat so when you are very cold when environment is very very cold what happened to you generate more heat this is a function of posterior hypothalamic nucleus is that right and of course this is an emergency Situation very cold and along with this there are neurons which activate the sympathetic nervous system so if you stimulate the posterior hypothalamus sympathetic nervous system is activated you develop Tremors and you develop the tachycardia and

you develop anxiety is the right all features of sympathetic overflow is that right any question here so it is called anti-fall Center because it does not Allow the body temperature to fall let's have a break now we will do a little review of important functions of hypothalamus and after that we will discuss in detail the connections of hypothalamus let's suppose here is your hypothalamus right here are your memory bodies here is your guess third ventricle and Fornix coming in fornix coming in is it right and Milo thalamic going out and lateral to that here it

is what is it lateral hypothalamus here also yes lateral hypothalamus and this green one or no green I should make it some Different color let's pose this green one what is this medial hypothalamus is that clear so these are medial hypothalamide these are lateral hypothalamic area because this is left hypothalamus and this is right and this is third ventricle any question here no now the functions of interior hypothalamus Right okay rather than dividing into region I will ask the basic functions autonomic function autonomic functions interior hypothalamus is concerned with yes in intermedial hypothalamus this hypothalamus

is concerned with if it is stimulated it will produce parasympathetic response anterior hypothalamus concerned with Parasympathetic response and anti-rise Center is that right response of the hypothalamus towards High environmental temperature but it will prevent the body temperature going up by producing sweating and cutaneous vasodilation so this is anterior hypothalamus is concerned with parasympathetic outflow and also concerned with the anteriorize center and posterior hypothalamus All this posterior hypothalamus from here up to here and all this posterior hypothalamus this is concerned with anti fall Center what is this number one sympathetic posterior is concerned with sympathetic nervous

system response and also with anti-fall Center again if I make hypothalamus like this is that right any question after this now in this diagram this is your Interior hypothalamus is the right interior anterior it is concerned with what para sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system and anti-rise center and if I talk about this part of hypothalamus which is posterior right and this is what sympathetic nervous system and anti fall Center so it is producing what cutaneous vasoconstriction and shivering and then we come to the Lateral and medial so here is the lateral hypothalamus right and

here it is medial hypothalamus now both of them are controlling your body weight and eating Behavior medial is static centers and lateral is hunger centers lateral is then medialis happiness Center Reward Center and lateral is anger and Punishment centers so medial is And Reward Center lateral hypothalamus is hunger and anger and thirst Center anterior parasympathetic posterior sympathetic anterior anti-rise posterior antiform and then we are left with this lower area what is this it is concerned with the major Endo endocrine controls center that here it is producing lot of you can say interior pituitary hormone releasing

factors and release inhibiting factor which through the portal system come to The entire pituitary any question here no problem then hypothalamus is controlling your number one body weight number two control in your feeding or eating behavior number three it is controlling parasympathetic outflow it is controlling sympathetic outflow it is controlling your mood and emotions happiness sadness aggression passivity is that right then it will controlling your endocrine system then Memorial body specially is the pathway of the recent Memory pathway is that right and then hypothalamus control your sexual functions also and circadian rhythms any question up

to this no so this was a little review about the functions of hypothalamus and now we come to the important connections are hypo the thalamus I hope you understand this diagram Frontal lobe right and here it is temporal temporal lobe occipital lobe parietal lobe and frontal lobe any problem in understanding this now this is of course your optic chiasma any problem up to here and you are very friendly what is it any question no question here now we have to see what are the Important temporal lobe I have just for uh Clarity purpose actually temporal

lobe is here but I put it in the diagram little bit more posterior so that you can see the midbrain now hypothalamus is primarily in this area is that right this is all hypothalamus now what are the connections if you try to understand with some arrangement you will understand it well Otherwise it's very difficult let's suppose the connections of hypothalamus with the temporal lobe actually temporal lobe has very important functions of the medial and inferior side of temporal lobe has very important functions of limbic system and hypothalamus is also involved in limbic system right so

temporal lobe should have very intimate and important connection with hypothalamus for example here there is a Magnoloid body here amygdala what is it magnolite body it is concerned with sexual behavior and aggression so do you think it should be connected with hypothalamus or not it should be is that right then here you know that there is hippocampal formation and here the recent memory activity is processed do you think it should be Connected with hypothalamus or not it should be so let's start it the important connection first of all from hippocampal formation within the hippocampal formation

their special area called subiculum subi coulomb from there lot of fibers are coming backward right and contributing in the formation of foreign X right so these are the fibers right and what is this for next what is It for next and formix is the most important you can say relationship of hypothalamus with temporal load is the right and in this formation of fornax write the stages which are present over there are number one LVS this is sheet of white matter what is this called LVS then all these fibers come together And they start in the

contribute to the formation of the beginning of for next when they come together they are called fembri what is it fambray and then this fembrake go upward and now they have formed what structure of course it's all formix but first part of this foreign and then this part of the furnace is called body and this part of the furnace is called Columns right so this is hippocampal formation especially from Civic subicoulomb right lot of white fibers are going to make the formical system which consists of LVS fembray cross body and Columns of phonical system this

is very important pathway if there is bilateral damage to this formical connections patient will develop Amnesia recent memory Pathways Disturbed clear This is one temporal then another temporal lobe connection to the hypothalamuses from amygdaloid body I told you a magdala is concerned with primitive Behavior primitive behavior is sex and aggression sex and aggression is that right so there should be very heavy connection with the hypothalamus is that right so there's another set of connections and this connections which are coming here right these fibers coming from a magnoloid body and Eventually going to the hypothalamus these

fibers are called yes stria terminals of course the upper fibers are called what is it Forex so fornix is connecting the hypothalamus and temporal lobe and strio terminalis is also connecting the hypothalamus with the temporal lobe but strata terminals connect the metalloid Body with the hypothalamus is that right and Forest connect the Parable formation with the hypothalamus and what is this Tria terminalis any question up to this no then there is some direct pathway from amygdaloid body right and this pathway is directly coming okay from the metalloid body to the hypothalamus now there are two

Pathways From regular body to hypothalamus number one is through stria Terminals and other connection is called ventral mcdylo Fugal pathway from McDonald's coming to the magdala so magdalo what is this it is ventral ventral a mcdylo Fugal pathway now you can understand the functional importance of these Pathways the functional importance of these Pathways is what connecting the hypothalamus and very important component of limbic system residing in the temporal lobe and from medial aspect of temporal lobe any question here no then hypothalamus should have some important connection with this area what is this area what is

this this is your frontal orbital cortex this is concerned with your Personality it is concerned with your motivation it is concerned with your Ambitions it is concerned with your social skills of course your sympathetic parasympathetic balance your hormonal system your many functions are related with the input coming from the front orbital cortex is that right frontal orbital card this is concerned with your personality And of course some people remain all the time anxious or angry some people are relaxed you're getting it and hypothalamus is controlling autonomic output as well as endocrine output so it should

be connected with front orbital cortex is that right so some Fiber from front orbital cortex and then from septal area what is that septal area which is also connected with the olfactory area so olfactory area septal area and what Is this front orbital cortex all these fibers come to the hypothalamus connected with many nucleus or nuclear of hypothalamus and then these fibers are passing through the lateral hypothalamus and look at where they are going they are going to the brain stem these fibers are going up to the brain stem and they are connected in the

brain stem with very important nuclei Is that right they are concerned with nucleus refi they are concerned with Locus ceruleus right and many other respiratory centers and visual motor centers and many centers is within the brain stem now these whole pathway which is traversing the lateral hypothalamus right extending from the front orbital cortex from the olfactory cortex from the septal area passing through the lateral hypothalamus connecting all many nuclei of lateral hypothalamus with the Medial hypothalamus and eventually come into the brain stem who will tell me the name of this pathway excellent I'm really so

happy with all of you I was not expecting you can tell me the name of this thing what is this called medial forebrain bundle very good what is this it is medial forebrain medial forebrain bundle is that right now how many Pathways do you have up to now one was fornax Right and other was second was try terminalis one was fornix and third is ventral McDonald's right then from here you are having what medial forebrain bundle is that right then we have connections downward from the hypothalamus connections which are downward you remember that there was

Arquette nucleus here and from the earthquake nucleus there was some arcade nucleus here and there was ah Supraoptic nucleus here and there was Para ventricular nucleus here from here there was Pathways which are going here and from the earthquake nucleus there were some fibers Pathways coming here and eventually giving their you remember now what is this pathway super Optical hyper Physical so Pro optical hyper physical this is the fourth pathway and this fifth pathway is tubero hypophysial pathway what is it tubero hypophysical pathway any question up to this now if I tell you from para

hypocampal fiber going to the hypothalamus what is it for next then from my headlight body going to hypothalamus strata terminal macular body is a short root to ventral magdalo Fugal from the orbital frontal And septal area and olfactory area going through the hypothalamus lateral part to the brain stem video formant Bender then from the hypothalamus going to the posterior patriotic super Optical hypophysical from the hypothalamus going to the interior pituitary through the vascular system what is that this is not going to the interior picture rather from tubular area it is going to the infundibulum tubero

Hypophysical pathway bringing into Portal system is that right any question here no problem is it difficult to remember it's not difficult myself surprised why people think it difficult and I'm really angry when I studied this because why for so many years it has been difficult for me right anyway so now you already know few things you remember there was a connection from a Military body going to the interior what is my Milo thalamic track so what is this pathway pathway number six is that right Milo telemed track is that right then there is another pathway

and this pathway is from a memory body from the memory body it is going to the thalamus but going to the dorsomedial nucleus of Thalamus what is This pathway pathway and this is pathway from memory body not to the interior thalamic nucleus rather to the dorsomedial nucleus so who will tell me the name of this pathway from the thalamus yes the ortho medial nucleus remember from here fiber go to the cingulate very good excellent so what is the name of this this pathway is inferior to the thalamus So it is called inferior thalamic potential this

is in front and this is inferior and then passes to the medial so it is called what inferior thalamic potential and if it is inferior where is my black marker that has gone along with some track or what it is in my hand oh I forgot actually I forgot to have a left hand right so this is the seventh pathway right Now how many Pathways we have done it listen review it from a hippocampal area going to the foreign x to the hypothalamus Forex from amygdaloid to the phonics long root strata terminals from the medulla

body short route to hypothalamus ventralized from the orbital frontal and septal animal Factory area going through the lateral hypothalamus to the brain stem video Foreman bundle is that right then from the hypothalamus to the Posterior facial tree from the earthquake nucleus to the infundabulum hypophysical pathway very good then from the memory body to thalamus and then from the middle body inferior to the thalamus to the medial side of dorsometal nucleus of thalamus yes what is it right right so we have four and fifth and sixth and seventh there is some problem one two three And

where is this should be the four I was thinking there's something wrong with my counting actually when you learn medicine too much you tend to forget the mathematics pathway 3 and what was this funny thing this is the four which one is that [Music] bundle four and then super Optical five and then tube row hypophysical six and then Yes what is it seventh and what should be it any problem here there's no are you sure okay then they are very important nuclei here and these very important nuclei which are present here is dorsal and ventral

tegmental nuclei what is this ventral tegmental nucleus dorsal segmental nucleus so there is ventral tegmental nucleus and dorsal terminal nucleus ventral Tegmental nucleus and nucleus refi nucleus Rafi it is a little Superior than where I have drawn now from these three nuclei there are connections which are going towards the hypothalamus are you understanding from the and of course their reverse pathway also right I think I couldn't draw it well so let's make this area little more redrawn now listen Uh I was drawing here which nuclei dorsal tegmental nucleus ventral tegmental nucleus and nucleus Rafi is

that right now actually from the hypothalamus there are connections going to all these three number one from the hypothalamus connections are going to all these nuclei and these connections which are Going they are called memorable track what is it foreign that is from these nuclei these nuclei go into the mammal Ray body is that right and what is this pathway called which is reverse that is called memory Prudential what is it memory now look how many important paths were connected With the mammalary body first of all Forex is coming to the memory body strata terminals

can also come to the military body and other part of hypothalamus is that right then ventro magnolide to hypothalamus and momentary body is that right then from middle body the fibers which are going to hypothesia to the thalamus thalamic track inferior thalamic potential inferior thalamic Potential then Milo tag mental and actually this should be called segmento memory but it is simply called memory potential any question here there is no problem in understanding it now we are left with only two pathway the fibers carrying the parasympathetic and fibers carrying the sympathetic you know that in the

midbrain there is third of nucleus here then they are in the what is the spawns And medulla here is seventh nerve ninth nerve and Below tenth nerve actually from the anterior hypothalamus you remember parasympathetic Fiber come and they are feeding all these random nucleus through Dinger Westfall pupilo construction through seventh noun of nucleus Superior salivatory nucleus ninth nerve inferior salivatory nucleus and dorsal nucleus of Vegas and even some Fiber go Down up to the parasympathetic outflow going for the sacral S2 S3 S4 now this pathway from the hypothalamus you know hypothalamus interiorly was having parasympathetic

functions so these are paracetary fibers from the interior hypothalamus going through the what is the brain stem and specially producing parasympathetic outflow through third seventh ninth and 10th nucleus this is called dorsal longitudinal fasciculus you know it is very dorsal and it is Very long so what we call it dorsal longitudinal fasciculus dorsal longitudinal fasciculus now we are left only with one what is that sympathetic fibers so sympathetic fiber from the posterior hypothalamus right I'll make it red when there's danger and from here they pass through all the system up to the brain spinal cord

from T1 to going down up to L three a two and three number two and three all fibers are going down these fibers are taking sympathetic fibers which are stimulating the sympathetic outflow from thoracolumbar spinal cord is that right and these fibers are called hypothalamo hypo yeah what what should be these fibers called pull either we call it hypothalamo spinal Pathways what are These hypothalamual spinal pathway because this is the most important pathway starting from hypothalamus going up to the spinal cord any problem here are you sure there's no problem now I will remove this

diagram draw it again and see the how rapid I'll draw fastly or you recognize the bundles fastly right let's have a break so that we can rub it properly Let's review a little bit hypothalamic important connections and see how good you have learned it right so let me draw hypothalamus here okay I don't know what went wrong with my drawing okay so I will draw the central nervous system here from here and here is the hypothalamus foreign and here it is body here it is midbrain Midbrain and Palms and medulla is there a spinal cord

and here are your okay now let's suppose this is the real Point hypothalamus is that right yes yes I will draw the pathway and you will tell me what it is but before that I should put elements also here Right brand right let's suppose this Center of hypothalamus now from the what is this area hippogample formation two hypothalamus what is this pathway for next from the amygdaloid body long pathway here stria terminalis and short pathway here ventral magdalo Fugal fiber no problem here Then there was fronto orbital and septal and from olfactory area passing from

here and going to here what is this medial forebrain bundle and then there is a pathway from supraoptic nucleus and and paraventricular nucleus going to the posterior pituitary what is it pathway that's good then from here this fiber yes what is that and then from here inferior thalamic credential very good I'm really impressed by you these are ventral nuclei ah dorsal tegmental nucleus ventral tegmental nucleus refi nucleus right now connection from here come into all three of them what is it pathway are you sure this is memory tegmental pathway and from here if there is

a reverse pathway going yes what is it Ankle then there's parasympathetic fibers from here going yes what is it dorsal longitudinal fasciculus and then from here sympathetic fibers going down into spinal cord spinal hypothalamic spinal pathway is that right now another way just to look it as last this is hypothalamus which has 12 connections now I will make I will just give you a clue and you will tell me what pathway I am Drawing hippocampus what is this metalloid strata terminalis foreign what is it medial forebrain bundle okay then from hypothalamus going to the posterior

pituitary going to the then from the hypothalamus going to the from the hypothalamus what is it and what is it Uncle and if this is the midbrain and pawns and from the hypothalamus to the tegmental nuclei and Rafi nucleus and from here the reverse Mamilla Memorial no problem and then of course there from here there's parasympathetic fibers what is it dorsal longitudinal fasciculus and from posterior hypothalamus there are fibers going to the pathetic Hypothalamo spinal fibers how many are they 12 phonics number one strata terminalis okay we just label it now I will label and

you will tell me the name what is it Forex number two and number three I mean four medial four Band bundle five Optical hypophysical sex Tubero hypophyseal uh seven eight and nine and tenth Ood and eleven dorsal longitudinal fasciculus and 12th so hypothalamic spinal any question no let's have a break Now we'll talk about some important clinical correlates right first of all I will tell tell you about a tumor called craniopharyngioma cranio pharyngioma now actually this tumor from where it develops let me draw first your beautiful nose and other things now actually hypothalamus is a

structure here what is this Body and here is your what is that optic chiasma right now craniopharyngoma actually you know anterior pituitary develops from rothkas pouch which is a diverticulum which was produced from nasopharynx upward right now this pouch with his pouch should eventually convert into interpreter Sometimes some of the remnants of left there and they become neoplastic And they grow like a tumor and if they grow like a tumor they start growing upward and damaging the hypothalamus and also damaging the what is this so this tumor is called craniofrangioma so what is craniopharyngioma craniopharyngeoma

is a congenital epidermal tumor right which is supposed to be originating from the remnants of pouch usually it is calcified so it can be seen on Due to calcification can be seen on x-ray also midline right and it's the most common Supra tentorial tumor in children you know there is tentorium cerebelli above the cerebellum there's a fold of durometer so most of the tumors in the intracranial tumors are divided into Supra tentorial tumors and infractorial tumors so craniopharyngioma is the most common Supra tumor in children right and what type When this craniopharyngioma grows upward number

one it will damage the optic chiasma and produce bi-temporal and produce biotemporal Hemi anopia number one number two it will damage the hypothalamus and produce features of hypothalamic dysfunction for example ventromedial nucleus is damaged and patient never feel stated so you will overeat and obese and ventromedial nucleus when it is damaged it will lead To rage anger is the right Savage Behavior right with that the tumor what is this Arquette nucleus midline nucleus which are damaged that might stop the anterior pituitary function and that may translate into uh endocrine disturbances right if paraventricular nucleus is

damaged and super optic nucleus is damaged diabetes insipidus will develop if patient is eating more there will be hypothalamic Obesity obesity there will be hypothalamic obesity and diabetes insipidus too much urine dilute due to damage to which area problem with the production end of ADH is the right then this patient may develop temperature regulation disturbance you understand why if interior hypothalamic region is Disturbed what will happen patient cannot sweat and patient cannot produce Cutaneous vessel dilation so heat is accumulated in body and percent develop hyperthermia so when interior anterior hypothalamic region is damaged patient developed

posterior posterior hypothalamic region is damaged then you cannot produce ah shivering and you cannot produce cutaneous Vaso construction so if temperature of the environment goes down your body temperature also goes down you become Something like cold-blooded animals is the right posterior hypothalamus is damage is that right and we say that we don't say that you are now cold-blooded animal we say you have a problem with regulation of body temperature with the environment and we call this picilothermia what is what we call it Pi kilo thermia by kilothermia the condition which result due to the damage

to the posterior hypothalamus and you are Unable to regulate your body temperature right and face of fluctuation in the environmental temperature but if interior pythalamus is damaged you cannot sweat you cannot produce cutaneous visual dilation you cannot lose the body heat so you as you have a tendency to develop hyper thermia and of course circadian rhythms are Disturbed patient may develop somno lens some alone some no lenses inappropriate Excessive sleep is that right and sleeping bouts all the day and of course at night also is that right so all this situation is called hypothalamic syndrome

person who has developed obesity with Savage Behavior with endocrine disturbances and sexual disturbances along with that patient has difficulties in temperature regulation and too much sleep disturbances we call it hypothalamic syndrome another clinical importance number one Cranial pharyngioma another situation is from anterior pituitary a prolactin producing tumor goes up sometimes the cells which produce prolactin they become neoplastic and we call them prolactin producing adenoma of the anterior pituitary prolactin producing adenoma it can also grow upward and damage the hyper Thalamus and and chiasma of course if prolactin producing or pituitary we simply call it pituitary

adenoma number one was Craniopharyngioma and pituitary adenoma both can damage optic asthma so both can produce by temporal Hemi andopia and both can produce hypothalamic syndrome is the right both can produce hypothalamic syndrome but prolactin adenoma specially produces galactoria and amenorrhea syndrome that also produces galactoria and amenorrhea syndrome and remaining feature of Hypothalamic syndrome due to pituitary adenum are same as hypothalamic syndrome with cranium pharyngioma is that right let me put it here so that it becomes clear here I put cranio pharyngioma and we are comparing it with pituitary adenoma specially prolactin producer prolactin producer

now both of them can produce by temporal Hemi anopia both of them can produce bi-temporal heminopia by damaging the optic asthma number two both of them can produce hypothalamic syndrome here as well as hypothalamic syndrome in which person develop obesity eat a lot is the right and endocrine disturbances are there especially sexual dysfunctions are there and ventromedial nucleus damage so no satiety eating a lot obesity and with that rage and Savage behavior is the right and sleep Disturbances is that right and even mood and emotional disturbances is that right then we can come to another

clinically important thing related with hypothalamus we have already discussed that was wernick is corsakov syndrome now you will tell me what happened in the syndrome the deficiency of which vitamin B1 it is most commonly seen this deficiency in chronic alcoholic and Chronically malnourished persons and which part of central of a system will undergo degeneration in one military bodies thalamic nucleus and and Superior inferior colliculus especially inferior colliculi and mental area of the brain stem what are the important clinical features of vernicus corsakov first of all ocular pulses then there is then there is ataxia then

there is Confusional State especially amnesias integrate and retrograde amnesias and with that configurations is that right any question up to this that's all about hypothalamus before that I tell you hypothalamic dysfunction can also produce sexual disturbances in children and adult in children if hypothalamus is damaged then children may develop abnormalities of sexual behavior of course children don't have much sexual Behavior what happened that sometimes in the boy of five-year-old he start developing sexual behavior five-year-old boy gives surprises to the female the round right that is called precocious puberty one of the cause of precocious probability

is damage to hypothalamus which area pre-optic area you remember that we are concerned with and some children look if pre-optic areas irritated by the injury if it is Irritated it will produce precocious puberty but if it is damaged then it will produce retardation of sexual growth and if you are adult and after that some disease occur to hypothalamus and pre-optic area is damaged that may lead to depending upon if you are man it may lead to importance and if you are a female it may lead to amenorrhea is that right literal test for you yes

If lateral hypothalamus is stimulated what will happen you will feel too much hungry and angry and thirsty if lateral hypothalamus is destroyed you don't feel hungry you lose the weight and you become very much docile and relaxed and passive because you don't feel angry is that right okay if medial hypothalamus ventromedial nucleus is stimulated you feel too much tighty and you lose the weight but if Yeah anorexia and but if medial ventromedial nucleus are stimulated you eat a lot and you become rupees and you become Savage behavior is that right if paraventricular and superoptic nucleus

are destroyed and ADH is not produced diabetes is that right if you are damaging the suprachiosmetic nucleus disturbance and circadian rhythms if you are damaging the interior nucleus hypothalamic nucleus parasympathetic outflow is Disturbed and you cannot sweat and cannot and you cannot do cutaneous vasodilation so what will be the problem then what happens you cannot produce the heat in the you cannot produce the shivering and you cannot produce weather Construction in the cutaneous vessels so if environment is Con cold your body temperature will also fall we call it triculothermia is that right any question up

to this no Question last Christmas