foreign [Music] at the planets Stars galaxies and all there is out there one fundamental question screams and begs for an explanation why is there something rather than nothing the problem gets even worse when you consider the laws of physics governing our universe which appear to be completely symmetric between matter and antimatter yet as we look at what's out there we find that all the stars and galaxies we see are made mostly of matter with scarcely any antimatter at all clearly we exist as do the stars and galaxies we see so what intricate forces led to
the asymmetry that birthed the world as we perceive it what profound mechanisms unfolded to tip the balance and grant us this universe teeming with galaxies stars and the Enigma of our own existence and how did it happen [Music] so how was this unimaginably giant universe created for centuries scientists thought the universe always existed in an essentially unchanged form running like clockwork thanks to the laws of physics but a Belgian priest and scientist called George Joseph put forward another idea in 1927 he proposed that the Universe began as a large pregnant and primeval Adam exploding and
sending out the smaller atoms we see today his idea went largely unnoticed but in 1929 astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that the Universe isn't static but is in fact expanding if so some scientists reason that if you rewound the universe's life it should have existed as a tiny dense point at some point the celebrated astronomer Fred Hoyle sarcastically called this concept The Big Bang Theory a phrase its proponents would later adopt undeterred by Skeptics scientists Ralph alfer George Gamo and Robert Hermann predicted that if there had been a big bang then a faint Afterglow should linger
somewhere in the universe and we should in theory be able to detect it to do so would require one of science's greatest pieces of Fortune in the mid-1960s astronomers Arno penzius and Robert Wilson needed help tuning into the microwave signals transmitted from the Milky Way their radio antenna kept picking up a persistent weak hiss of radio noise rebuilding the antenna couldn't get rid of the noise that's because the hiss they tried so hard to remove was the echo of the Big Bang or the cosmic microwave background radiation as it is known if the Big Bang
Theory is true how did it lead to all the planets stars and galaxies we can see today thanks to a series of calculations observations from telescopes on Earth and probes in space our best explanation is this around 13.8 billion years ago all the matter in the universe emerged from a single minute point or singularity in a violent burst this expanded at an astonishingly High rate and temperature doubling in size every 10 to minus 34 seconds creating space as it rapidly inflated gravity and all the other forces were formed within a tiny fraction of a second
the energy changed into particles of matter and antimatter which largely destroyed each other but luckily for us some matter survived protons and neutrons started to form within the first second within minutes these protons and neutrons could fuse and form hydrogen and helium nuclei after 300 000 years nuclei could finally capture electrons to form atoms filling the universe with clouds of hydrogen and helium gas after around 380 000 years it left behind a bath of photons the cosmic microwave background that penzius and Wilson accidentally detected within this were tiny ripples of matter that were stretched to
enormous sizes during inflation and in turn these became the seeds for the galaxies and Galactic clusters we see today when we look out at the universe the full Suite of observations we've collected even with the known uncertainties taken into account all Point towards a remarkably consistent picture our universe is made of matter obeys the same laws of physics everywhere and at all times it's governed by general relativity it's expanding and Cooling and gravitating and it's dominated by dark energy and dark matter with normal matter neutrinos and radiation making up the rest today it's full of
galaxies stars planets heavy elements and intelligent and technologically advanced life in at least one location these structures weren't always there but instead arose as a result of cosmic evolution in a remarkable scientific leap 20th century scientists were able to reconstruct the timeline for how our universe went from a mostly uniform Universe devoid of complex structure and consisting exclusively of hydrogen and helium to the structure-rich universe we observed today if we start from today we can step backwards in time and ask where any individual structure or component of that structure came from for each answer we
get we can then ask okay but where did that come from and how did that arise going back until we're forced to answer we don't know at least not yet then at last we can contemplate what we have and ask how did that arise and is there a way that it could have Arisen from nothing to begin with the life we have today comes from tiny particles that make up everything around us these particles are like building blocks and they join together to make complex molecules which are the ingredients for life these building blocks are
made of even smaller parts called atoms the atoms are like the basic elements that make up everything in the universe but these atoms didn't just appear when the universe began they needed a long process to form this process involves Stars being born living their lives and then dying when stars die they create new materials through powerful reactions these materials are then used to make new stars and the cycle continues this cycle is necessary for things like planets and complex chemistry to exist for the universe to have stars and galaxies like we see today a few
important things had to happen gravity had to pull smaller groups of stars and galaxies together to form larger ones this required having some Mass to start with which gathered more mass due to gravity to prevent matter from being lost into space during star formation something called Dark Matter had to be present in the early stages the right balance of different types of matter and radiation was needed to create things like the glow left over from The Big Bang and the basic elements to make galaxies and other structures there needed to be slight variations in the
density of matter and these variations grew over time because of gravity the initial imbalances in density along with the creation of dark matter and normal matter were essential to make everything we see so when we think about whether the universe could come from nothing these are the important things that we don't fully understand yet physics usually treats matter and antimatter equally meaning reactions create or destroy both in the same amounts at the universe's start matter and antimatter could have been made in huge quantities due to its extreme heat and density but somehow the universe ended
up having more matter than antimatter even though they should have been equal there are different ways this could have occurred although we're not certain which happened all these ways involve three main things special conditions where things aren't balanced which happens as the universe expands and cools processes that break the usual rules and allow interactions that create more matter than antimatter standard model of physics allows for this through something called svaleron interactions a way to create enough of a certain type of violation that helps make more matter than antimatter the standard Model includes these ideas but
they aren't enough by themselves if you think of a universe with equal matter and antimatter as a universe with nothing then it seems our universe did create something from nothing even though we're not entirely sure how it happened likewise there are various ways to create dark matter determined through a lot of testing and research the Dark Matter can't be made of the particles found in the standard model of physics whatever dark matter is it calls for new physics beyond what we currently know different possibilities exist for how it could have formed such as being made
during the early hot phase of the universe and then not completely disappearing so it remains stable forming during a phase change as the universe expanded and cooled where big particles come out of nowhere existing as a different type of neutrino which could mix with regular neutrinos or be a heavier kind alongside the usual ones coming about solely due to gravity creating an extremely heavy particle why do we have dark matter today when the rest of the universe seem to function fine without it in its early stages there must have been a way to create this
thing when it didn't exist before however all these possibilities need energy so the question is where did all that energy come from perhaps according to Cosmic inflation our leading theory of the universe is pre-bigbang Origins it really did come from nothing when we picture the very start of the hot big bang we're thinking of something super hot crowded and full of energy now when we wonder how this all came about there are two ways to think about it first we can simply say that the Universe was born this way this means the initial conditions were
set like this and we don't have a further explanation in the world of theoretical physics we call this approach giving up alternatively we can do what theoretical physicists love to do come up with a theory to explain those initial conditions we work to make predictions that are different from what the current accepted Theory says and then we go out to test those predictions enter Cosmic inflation which came from this second approach and changed how we see the birth of the universe instead of Imagining the hot and dense start as an infinitely tiny infinitely hot point
inflation proposes that before the hot big bang There was a phase where space itself had an incredibly high energy density this caused the universe to expand extremely quickly during inflation when inflation ended that energy turned into matter antimatter and radiation creating what we recognize as the hot big bang aftermath in more detail this inflation not only makes a universe with the same temperature everywhere and a flat appearance but also predicts specific kinds of variations in density observed these variations they matched what inflation predicted from almost empty space though its Space full of energy a natural
process has crafted the entire universe we can see today full of structures this is the big idea of how we could get a universe from seemingly nothing although not everyone finds it completely satisfying for many people it's hard to imagine a universe without space time and the rules of physics we can think of a place outside space a moment Beyond time or conditions that aren't Bound by physical reality these thoughts make sense if we consider these aspects as things we'd need to remove to reach a true state of nothingness at least from a philosophical standpoint
however there's a difference between philosophical nothingness and a more scientific view of nothingness there are four scientific ways to Define nothing each valid in its own context a time when something didn't exist an empty space space time in its emptiest state with the lowest possible energy whatever remains when you remove the entire universe and its governing laws the first two definitions we can say we've started with nothing and created a universe but if we consider the third definition it's not so clear unfortunately we lack enough knowledge to say anything about the fourth definition without a
scientific theory describing what exists beyond the universe and the laws that apply there the idea of true nothingness lacks a clear physical definition in the context of physics it's impossible to make sense of an idea of absolute nothingness what does it mean to be outside of space and time and how can space and time sensibly predictably emerge from a state of non-existence how can space-time emerge at a particular location or time when there's no definition of location or time without it where do the rules governing quanta the fields and particles both arise from this line
of thought even assumes that space time and the laws of physics themselves weren't Eternal when in fact they may be any theorems or proofs to the contrary rely on assumptions whose validity is not soundly established under the conditions which we'd seek to apply them if you accept a physical definition of nothing then yes the universe as we know it very much appears to have Arisen from nothing but if you leave physical constraints behind then all certainty about our ultimate Cosmic Origins disappears many scientists suggest that the Universe might have emerged from nothing an idea rooted
in quantum theory this notion hinges on the concept that Quantum fluctuations could trigger the spontaneous creation of a universe out of nothingness however this idea lacked solid support due to the absence of mathematical evidence entered dongshan he and his team from the Wuhan Institute of physics and Mathematics they've made a significant contribution by offering the first mathematical proof that the Big Bang could indeed be a result of quantum fluctuations Central to this breakthrough are the wheeler do it equation and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle the wheeler doit equation marks a significant step in the Quest for
a theory that encompasses everything back in the 1960s John Wheeler and Bryce DeWitt created a mathematical framework that blends quantum mechanics and general relativity this equation contributes to our understanding of quantum gravity a key challenge in merging gravity and quantum mechanics however the equation's main flaw is that it doesn't involve time so it's not a complete unification but it's the best we have so far on the other hand Heisenberg's uncertainty principle is more widely recognized in simple terms this principle states that you can't precisely know both the position and momentum of a tiny particle otherwise
you'd break some important physics rules from this principle we realize that empty space isn't truly empty in the vacuum particles can briefly pop in and out of existence due to random Quantum fluctuations this concept also relates to the idea of the false vacuum so how does all of this come together to help us dongshan explained it like this we showed that once a tiny true vacuum bubble is formed it has the potential to rapidly expand the wipm team describes these true vacuum Bubbles as perfectly round spheres they use this knowledge to determine how quickly the
sphere's radius can grow they go on to analyze the bubble in three possible space-time geometries open closed or flat interestingly they found that the bubbles expansion would lead to a big bang this new equation provides fascinating insights into the universe the theory proposes that dark energy the force driving the universe's expansion could be linked to a concept called Quantum potential Quantum potential is a component of the pilot wave theory a less known interpretation of quantum mechanics that offers an alternative or complement to our current understanding of quantum theory pilot wave theory aligns with existing Quantum
predictions resolves paradoxes like Schrodinger's Cat and introduces the idea of quantum potential one of the drawbacks of pilot wave theory has been its inability to make distinct predictions all its predictions are either identical to the widely accepted quantum theory or are not testable that's where the new derivation from wipm enters the picture with Quantum potential being a key element of this new equation scientists might revisit the pilot wave theory this fresh perspective could potentially Advance our understanding of the universe by providing unique insights that go beyond what conventional quantum theory offers [Music] imagine a scenario
where our universe wasn't born from a traditional Big Bang but from a colossal collision between two gigantic unseen objects in a higher dimensional Realm this is the essence of the equirotic universe theory in this Theory our universe isn't just the familiar three dimensions of space and one of time instead it's a four-dimensional brain that exists within a higher dimensional space think of this brain as a sort of cosmic sheet floating in a larger reality that we can't directly perceive the name ekparatic comes from ancient Greek referring to a fiery cataclysmic event just as a collision
between two vehicles can create a massive release of energy the Collision of two brains in the higher dimensional space generates a burst of energy and matter that gives birth to our universe this Collision is like a spark that ignites the expansion and evolution of everything we see around us this Theory offers an intriguing alternative to the popular inflationary model of the universe's birth the inflation Theory suggests that the Universe underwent a rapid expansion phase driven by a mysterious field but in the equirotic scenario it's not just the expansion it's the result of a dynamic interaction
between these higher dimensional brains this concept doesn't just change how we think about the universe's beginning it also introduces the idea of cyclical patterns the equirotic universe theory proposes that this Collision isn't a one-time event instead it suggests that our universe could be just one cycle in an ongoing series of collisions and expansions with each cycle potentially leading to the birth of a new universe maybe the universe is a result of a colossal Cosmic experiment conducted by an advanced civilization in a higher dimension they created our universe as a simulation to study the emergence of
Life matter and fundamental forces maybe the universe is a mesmerizing projection that emanates from a higher dimensional realm a concept that leads us to contemplate the profound idea that our reality is but a holographic reflection of an immensely intricate and multifaceted existence maybe the universe is a self-aware entity a cosmic Consciousness that came into being to experience existence in its Myriad forms this universe Consciousness evolves through galaxies stars and living beings accumulating knowledge and understanding along the way like a universal self-discovery Journey maybe space is like a phoenix in an eternal cycle of life and
death maybe time repeats itself in an infinite recurrence of the universe after universe or perhaps this is the only Universe after all with a small hot beginning and a cold dark finale until the day comes when we discover how to extract more information from the universe than presently seems possible we have no choice but to face our ignorance the Big Bang still happened a very long time ago but it wasn't the beginning we once opposed it to be imagine if we went back to when our solar system first formed and replayed that moment a billion
times it's very unlikely that humans would appear even once in those scenarios but if we look back to the early stages of the hot big bang a universe filled with stars galaxies planets like Earth and countless opportunities for life to emerge becomes almost certain this is because the rules and basic stuff of the universe stay the same a universe born with certain materials will create specific elements one with unevenness and density will make the first Stars the presence of dark matter will lead to stars with heavy components when there's a second generation of stars it
results in planets like Earth and stars like our sun and when you have Earth-like planets the possibility for life to thrive for a very long time appears the rest might be influenced by Randomness but that's what allowed us to come into existence it's now our responsibility to make the most of it and that's it for the video thanks for watching and make sure you also watch my video about Cosmic inflation and I'll see you there let's do it
