Our journey begins with the main and brightest object in the solar system, the Sun. A huge sphere of unimaginably hot plasma. The Sun is a star classified as a main sequence yellow dwarf, which means it is still fusing hydrogen atoms in its core to form helium atoms.
This process is known as nuclear fusion. And it is this process that causes the Sun to release a lot of energy in the form of light and heat. Temperatures on the surface of the Sun reach 5500°C.
However, the sun's core reaches a temperature of up to 15 million degrees Celsius. The only star among billions spread across the galaxy, which provides us with the necessary conditions for life to emerge on our planet. The light emitted by the Sun takes about 8 minutes to reach Earth, so this means that when we see the Sun in the sky, we see it as it was 8 minutes ago.
And an interesting fact is that if the Sun went out now or if something happened to it, we would only know after 8 minutes. However, the world closest to the Sun is bathed in its light in just 3 minutes. Take comfort there, because we're going straight to the first planet in the solar system.
The planet closest to the Sun is one of the most extreme worlds in the Solar System. Mercury, the smallest of all the planets in our neighborhood. As you can see, this rocky planet is full of craters, scars from a violent past, and it also has no known moon.
It is only slightly larger than our Moon, at about 4,879 km. Mercury is located extremely close to the Sun, at a distance of 58 million km. Many consider it to be an insignificant piece of rock due to its small size.
However, Mercury holds many mysteries that we are only beginning to understand. Scientists believe that in the distant past, Mercury was a very large target for several asteroids and comets, as it did not have an atmosphere capable of protecting it from impacts. Today, it has formed only a thin atmosphere of helium and hydrogen, captured by the solar wind.
Due to its slow rotation, the side facing the Sun has temperatures of up to 430°C. At night, temperatures drop to around -180°C. But there is still another planet even more dangerous than it, and on top of that, much hotter.
Venus, also known as the morning star, or Dalva star, is the second planet from the Sun. It is a hot and hellish world, unlike any other in the solar system, and is located just 108 million km from the Sun. Its surface temperatures reach around 475°C, which is much hotter than Mercury, even though it is not the closest planet to the Sun.
And Like Mercury, Venus has no known moon, but it has a large atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and carbon monoxide. The atmosphere is 92 times heavier than Earth's and is shrouded in yellowish clouds of sulfuric acid. It is precisely because of this thick atmosphere that makes Venus hotter than Mercury.
The Venusian atmosphere is a runaway greenhouse effect, and absorbs much more sunlight for itself. As a result, the heat is trapped inside Venus and cannot escape. The surface of Venus is covered with craters, mountains, volcanoes and lava plains.
An interesting fact is that a year on Venus is shorter than a day. A year here lasts 225 days, while a day lasts 243 Earth days. Confusing isn't it.
Between the toxicity and the heat that burns you, you wouldn't survive a second on Venus. Before continuing with the Journey, how about a quick stop on Earth? As the fifth largest planet in the solar system and the third planet from the Sun, Earth is the only planet known to have water on its surface and a sustainable atmosphere capable of supporting life.
We have the great privilege of calling it our home, after all it is the only place in the universe where we know life, in different ways, adapting to aquatic, terrestrial, airborne environments and also in very cold or very hot places. And one of the most impressive things here is humanity itself. At the same time it is something strange.
Think, an intelligent being that can reflect on its own existence and think about how it all began, only Earth is known to house such beings. A blue marble, the cradle of humanity, where our entire history began. And she is not alone.
384 thousand km from it, the Moon is located, the only natural satellite of our planet. About 80% of the Moon's landscape is plateaus with many craters and lunar dust. Daytime temperatures at the moon's equator reach up to 120°C, while at night, temperatures drop to -130°C.
And when we overcome the borders of our planet, a second home option will be waiting for a visit. Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun, however it is the second smallest planet in the Solar System. Unlike Earth, Mars is a dry and cold desert, with no known life forms.
The surface of Mars is cold, with an average temperature of -62 °C. But one of the biggest problems when visiting Mars, in addition to the distance, is its atmosphere. Mars' atmosphere doesn't contain as much breathable air as Earth's.
Instead it is made up of carbon dioxide, argon, nitrogen and some oxygen and water vapor. The planet, unlike Venus and Mercury, has two moons, called Phobos and Deimos, and both look very similar to asteroids. Phobos is the largest and closest natural satellite to Mars, measuring 22 km in diameter, and is located 6000 km from Mars.
And the planet's second natural satellite is called Deimos. This moon is slightly smaller than Phobos, measuring 12. 4 km in diameter and is 22,000 km from Mars.
Thanks to several missions sent there, we discovered that the red planet wasn't always like this. A long time ago, Mars looked like Earth, with lakes and streams flowing across the surface. However, all of this was lost.
It is believed that extreme climate changes caused its lakes and seas to disappear. As you can see, today, Mars is dry and lifeless, with a rusty, sand-filled surface. If we continue advancing further, we would soon reach the four planets furthest from the Sun, classified as gaseous planets.
But in the middle of the way there is a barrier that separates the rocky planets from the gaseous ones. It is called ''The Asteroid Belt". This ring-shaped region has several asteroids and dust, being remnants of the formation of the solar system.
And the largest celestial body in this region is Ceres. This space rock with 946 km in diameter is classified like a dwarf planet, and the closest to the Sun. And its size would be enough to cover a good part of the Brazilian territory.
One cool thing is that in addition to its surface being full of craters, a possible cryovolcano could also be present . Cryovolcanoes are nothing more than volcanoes, which instead of spewing lava, expel melted ice. And this cryovolcano may suggest that in the distant past, Ceres must have housed a large global underground ocean.
And it may still be there. But now, let's travel to the first of the most fascinating worlds in the Solar System, the gas giants. Finally, we arrive at the mighty Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system.
Jupiter is so unimaginably large, that if the earth were the size of a grape, Jupiter would be the size of a basketball, 140 thousand km in diameter. And what's more, it has more than twice the mass of all the other planets combined. Jupiter has no ground to stand on, so if you fell onto it, you would simply sink into its gases.
Its atmosphere is mainly composed of hydrogen, helium and cold clouds of ammonia and water. Jupiter may be big, but it spins fast. A day lasts just 9 hours and 56 minutes.
And because it's so fast, Jupiter's atmosphere has strong storms. In addition, the Great Red Spot, a storm that could swallow the Earth, which has winds that reach 430 to 680 km per hour. Studies indicate that the deeper you go into Jupiter, the hotter it gets and atmospheric pressure rises to levels beyond what we can handle.
If the pressure didn't kill you, the average temperature, which is -145°C, certainly would. Jupiter was previously the planet with the most moons in the solar system, with 95 of them known. But he ended up losing that position last year.
Its largest moon is Ganymede. Carved with a dark terrain and several craters. The Jupiterian moon is the largest in the solar system, measuring around 5,268 km in diameter.
Scientists believe that Ganymede may have an underground ocean beneath the ice crust at its poles. If it exists, it is likely that it may contain some mineral salts and organic molecules. A stable environment for exotic life forms to appear.
And Jupiter is not the only giant in the solar system, a little further away, its more stylish brother lives in the darkness. Like Jupiter, Saturn is a gas giant without any solid surface, but with a difference: rings. Although it is already known that all four gas giants have rings, none of them compare to this jewel.
Its surrounding rings are made of frozen rocks and dust, which range in size from small pebbles to huge chunks of ice. Some even bigger than an Iceberg. Even today it is not known how and why Saturn developed these rings.
But according to several studies, these rings are relatively young, having formed only 10 to 100 million years ago. It is thought that these structures may have been formed when small moons collided or were broken apart by the planet's gravity, which caused various debris to accumulate and remain in their orbit. And the ring is very large, stretching 420,000 km around the planet.
Without a doubt, Saturn is like a true lord of the solar system's rings. And Saturn is now the planet with the most moons in the solar system, with approximately 146 confirmed moons. Its largest is Titan, an icy moon whose surface is completely obscured by a hazy, golden atmosphere.
Heading towards the farthest reaches of the solar system, we will soon come across the coldest planet in our neighborhood. You can now see a beautiful light blue sphere. The seventh planet from the Sun, Uranus.
This frozen planet is 2. 9 billion km from the Sun. A trip to it would currently take about nine and a half years.
But now we're here, and you're getting a great view of this ice giant. Uranus has a slightly different composition than Jupiter and Saturn. Its atmosphere is mainly composed of hydrogen, helium and methane.
And it is precisely Methane that gives it this bluish color, as it absorbs the red light from the Sun and reflects it as blue. However Uranus also has traces of hydrogen sulfide. Well, this gas in other words smells like rotten eggs and decomposing flesh.
Not pleasant. Temperatures in some parts of the atmosphere can reach -225 °C. And huge clouds of ammonia and methane ice crystals swirl around the planet, creating storms that reach speeds of 900 km/h.
One strange thing you might not know about Uranus is that it rotates sideways, tilting at 98°. In comparison, the Earth is tilted at only 23°. This strange tilt means days on Uranus last about 17 hours.
And a year lasts 84 Earth years. You could die of old age before the year is over. The planet has 27 known moons, the largest of which is Titania.
Known to be a frozen and geologically active moon. And its surface is shaped by a large system of canyons and escarpments. And finally, to end our journey, we will head to the last world in the Solar System.
The eighth planet from the Sun is called Neptune. And As you can see, Neptune has a striking dark blue atmosphere, made of hydrogen and helium, with traces of methane. And just like Uranus, it is precisely this gas that gives it its blue color.
The atmosphere also has some white clouds that form the fiercest and fastest storms in the solar system. The winds here reach 2000 km/h, they are so powerful that they break the speed of sound. And temperatures in the atmosphere reach -214 °C.
And a day on Neptune lasts 16 hours, while 1 year lasts 165 Earth years. Like Saturn, Neptune also has rings, but they are too dark to be seen in detail. They probably formed recently, when one of their moons ended up being destroyed and the debris remained in its orbit.
Speaking of moons, Neptune has 14 of them, and the largest is called Triton. A full moon of active geysers spewing icy material onto the surface. However, this moon has a very bizarre characteristic.
Triton follows an orbit opposite to Neptune's rotation. This means that while the planet rotates one way, the moon orbits it the other way. This made scientists think that Triton may have been an object that was captured by the planet's gravity, rather than forming around it.
It's still a big mystery. Well, there are several other worlds spread out there, located billions of km from our star. However, the focus this time was only on the main planets of the Solar System.
But anyway, I hope you enjoyed this trip, and if so, then leave a like and subscribe to the channel, to stay up to date with more content about the universe.
