História da Grécia Antiga #21 por Donald Kagan, de Yale

Welcome back um I want to let you realize that the palpan naian war is over what a relief 27 bitter years but it's just one of those times through history that you discover no sooner is it over then another kind of trouble starts and of course as you know the whole course has been filled with that kind of trouble and it will Continue that way right to the end well you remember what the Spartans allegedly went to war about back there in 431 they were going to free the Greeks and the irony of that is

really quite extraordinary remember uh uh zenfon ends his tale of the end of the pelian war how they uh Spartans and their people were all tearing down the walls of Athens to the music of flute girls and everybody Thinking or it seemed I forget exactly how he puts it that this represented the uh the beginning of freedom for the Greeks well of course he was writing this years later and he knew perfectly well that was an illusion because Spartan power which had grown to an unprecedented degree in the course of the war now presented the

Spartans with problems and opportunities you know I think it's a it's a very important thing To understand and I think not enough people do power has a certain life of its own the capacity to be able to do something without somebody preventing you makes you think about what you might do in ways that you never thought about before when you didn't have the power to do it and of course this is what happens to the Spartans they find themselves uh presented with choices that they could take how would They to conduct themselves and their state

and how were they to try to arrange the U structure of states in the Greek world and including their relations to Persia uh because they really had enough power to be able to think of different things they might do the logic of the situation uh presented really three possibilities they could of course do what they had done much of the time Before the fifth century namely to confine themselves to the pelonis to maintain their control of the pelian league and basically not to get involved in anything outside the panesis and much recommended that in Spartan

tradition it meant that the hellot problem which was always place on their mind something they couldn't forget they were desperately outnumbered at all times by people who uh who hated them and whom they lived off uh so the notion of Leaving with an army from the pelian from the pelonis at any time was always a questionable proposition even though sometimes it was necessary and as we shall see changes had taken place in Sparta in the course of the Peloponnesian War of which I suppose the most important was the uh appearance in the hands of Spartans

of a good deal of money which was made available by the Persians for wartime purposes but both in the doing In the collecting of that money and also in the taking of many cities away from the Athenians very prosperous cities the Spartans also gained a great deal of booty so for the first time there were lots of Spartans who had lots of money and of course as you know Not only was that not a characteristic feature of Spartan society normally it was forbidden the laws in Sparta did not permit coins uh the closest thing to

coins were these fistfuls of iron spits Which don't get you very far and don't buy very much it was uh and see the point is that the presence of that kind of wealth and and really no no traditional way of coping with it meant that there were other uncertainties now that the and opportunities that various Spartans felt so anyway the idea of staying in the pelonis uh certainly appealed to many Spartans because they feared that involvement Outside the the Spartan world and certainly they fear the arrival of money which would be necessary as they became

outside to live at to be engaged outside that world would undermine those Traditions which they valued so much which were part of their identity living according to the laws of like kgus was what it meant to be a Spartan and made you feel Superior to other people so there was a feeling of danger in the minds of the conservative Spartans who Would have preferred that but U of course there was the other possibility that the Spartans could use this new found power and I suppose the money that went with it to um govern things and

maybe to exploit opportunities outside the pelonis and that choice also could be divided up into two at the extreme the Spartans had it in their power to contest control of the entire Greek world in the in the East I mean I'm leaving out as we always do Western Greeks who live in Italy and Sicily except when they get involved in the main theater in the aan um but the the Spartans could have and some Spartans did want to contest control of the aan and of the coast of Asia Minor and of the helispot and the

waters Beyond with the Persians who would otherwise have controlled now that the Athenians were out of the way this would require money but would also make Money available and of course it would take power but it would also produce more power in a certain sense Spartans who took this point of view had it in mind to take the place of Athens as the great Imperial power in the aan and beyond that was a possibility and we know for sure that some Spartans and the chief figure here was Lysander the great General Admiral who had been

responsible for winning the war we know for sure that he and others Around him liked that idea and sought to pursue it but they were not alone in that opinion and then there's a third possibility that the Spartans had and although we don't the ancient sources don't tell us that any Spartan leader specifically had this in mind the sheer logic of it suggests that some of them must have thought this was a good good idea and certainly some of the Spartan actions um suggest that they were pursuing such or tried to pursue such a Policy

that was not to be confined to the panesis but also not to engage in this Grand or you might even say grandiose plan of supplanting the Spartans of the Athenians which would include necessarily somewhere down the road conflict with the great Persian Empire of course the great Persian Empire didn't seem so scary as it had at one time in the past remember the Athenians had defeated the Persians first of all All the Greeks had done that back in 480 479 but even so ever since then the Athenians had repeatedly defeated the Persians over and over

again so they weren't anything like the scary thing they had been at the beginning of the century um but in any case you'd have to take that on and many of Spartan would have been deterred by that Prospect and again by the prospect of having to have a fleet because there was no way to pursue this third policy without having A fleet that began to approach the power of the Athenian Fleet when it had been strong well what did that mean it meant using not the traditional Spartan military Advantage hoplight soldiers fighting infantry battles but

also rowers and experts for Naval people uh I don't have the time to go into a detailed account of how Naval Warfare was carried on in the Greek world but it's easy to forget that in addition to the rowers of whom there were 170 in each trim uh Who Made Who were the engine in a sense they made the thing move uh and officers and some and usually at least 10 or so Marines who could be landed for behaving like hop lights on land in addition to them there were critically skilled people who made all

the difference in the world and whether you won or lost in these Naval battles who were well they were sort of like chief petty Officers if you think about it or or Master sergeants in the Army professionals who were very whose very great skills are critical for the functioning of the large Army the Greek word for the most important of these was kubernetes which means steersmen they were that and they were more than that by the way it's a very nice word because our word all the words that have to do with Governor government govern

all derive ultimately from the CU NES so um this would have meant that all kinds of people who were not spartiates would be critical for the U success of such a a mission of the overseas type and so many of Spartan felt that was too much of a derangement of Spartan life and didn't like it for that reason but you could still be in favor of a middle policy which would mean extending Spartan power or maintaining Spartan power on the Greek Mainland outside the pelonis and there were certain things that recommended that um for one

thing the um Athens had been knocked out as a main power in Central Greece and that meant and it had been demonstrated in the course of the war that it meant it that thieves the dominant power in biosa had already grown to considerable power had developed a degree of Independence which allowed the theevans to challenge the Spartans frequently and To uh and there was a very real chance that thieves would become would would seek to become a at least a power of the first rank at least somebody who could sit equally at the table with

the Spartans rather than subordinate to them and the fear that some Spartans surely had was that if the Spartans simply stayed in the panesis thieves would become the master of ateka which was a neighbor of of Thieves as well as of Central Greece as a whole and Suddenly they would become a real menace to the Spartans and indeed down the road if you go far enough that's exactly what did happen so that would be the case for we need to be establish ourselves on Mainland Greece as the hedgemon the Masters if not I shouldn't say

master hegemon means leaders there's always a a conflict there too when you have a power which is is superior to that of the other states but you don't conquer them the question is do you want to be relate To them as the Greeks would have said is a hone meaning a leader which implies a degree of voluntary uh cooperation or do you want to dominate which means Mastery and uh Spartans disagreed among themselves as to what was necessary even if you going to take that path but these three Roots were theoretically I think in as

a matter of fact really things that the Spartans argued about and there was a certain amount of moving back and forth as the Spartans Shifted from one to the other as different individuals gained influence and as circumstances changed um it's easy to to to designate at least two of the factions and I'm I'm inclined to think there were three that can be identified and identified with people the most aggressive overseas let's conquer and control everything in the aan Lysander is clearly the leader of that faction let's stay in the pelonis and Stay out of Interstate

rivalries and competitions and just go back to our old ways appears to have been led by the king penas and there's another king AIS and he is the one it's unclear it's not can't be confident that he represented the third uh faction but I think there's some possibility that he did and that that was the faction that U wanted to limit Spartan power influence control to the mainland of Greece and not to go to Sea and there were great arguments against the Lysander uh approach for one thing the number of Spartans was pretty small to

control too vast a territory we can't be sure how many there were by now but it pretty it's pretty well agreed that in the middle of the pelian war there was something like 3500 spartiates only that many and the figure continues to go down by the time We get to the decisive battle of lucra that defeats Sparta finally in 371 there was perhaps about a thousand spartiates well how do you run an Empire forget about how do you conquer one how do you run one with that kind of population and also of course the Spartans

had traditionally not been a naval power and had done very poorly at Sea compared to the Athenians at least and it was open it was an open question how well they would do against the Forces that served the Persian king at Sea um the fact was too that they had no experience with um money and money was a critical part of maintaining such an Empire as the Athenians could tell them um and everything in the Spartan tradition was based on land power now we can overestimate that after all the Spartans had been sending fleets out

to sea throughout the Panisha war in the last part of the war they won two important Battles of which the final battle was critical the Battle of igos pooma but if you really look at the whole story it's not at all clear that the Spartans ever developed the kind of system that would produce a Navy that would year after year after year have the uh capacity to dominate The Sea so that was a practical limitation well anyway however that might be the man of the hour in 404 was Lysander the great Victor of the U

panan War and it it was his policy was the extreme policy that let's conquer it all policy um his policy was very much a personal policy and here the personal is very important the fact that Lysander was who he was made a very great deal of difference Lysander was not a pure legitimate spartiate he was what the Spartans called a a moox he was a technically a bastard that means he had a Spartan Father and a non-s Spartan mother typically such women were would have been Hoffs but in any case he was uh brought up

nonetheless as a Spartan but not as a sparate and how to put these pieces together is very hard to know but he did as a few others like him in the last years of the war Rose to be a general and the very best general of all and the man who was put in command of the forces but he was a man of extraordinary Ambition and the ancient writers tell us that he had developed the notion of actually bringing about a revolution in Sparta and changing the Constitution in such a way that would allow him

to become effectively the ruler of Sparta and the Kings the traditional King Kings who were were born to the purple to be put aside well if he was going to do anything like that even if he was only going to try to retain the position he had achieved of tremendous influence and Power he would need to have a command he would need to have money he would need to have supporters of every kind and his policy therefore for Sparta was very much a policy that fit the needs of Lysander wherever he liberated a uh City

in Asia Minor which had been uh uh under the Athenian Empire part of the Athenian Empire he established a different kind of government it consisted of 10 men chosen from the local people uh who were Friendly to him who were reliant on him his people his puppets if you will the the the name for these establishments was decares rules of 10 men of 10 uh groups of 10 and they were his people and to make sure that they were safe he EST he would he placed a Spartan Garrison or at least a panan Garrison in

that City led by a Spartan Commander called a haros uh it comes from the same word from which we get Harmony somebody who Preserved reserved order who was the the military commander of that region all of these people the harmos the dears were all his creatures not anybody who had any independent power or influence simply his people who did the job for him and liberators of the Greeks as they had claimed to be L sander did not abandon collecting the money from these uh cities that he had alleged L liberated at the same amount apparently

that they had they had given the Athenians because our sources tell us that the Spartans were collecting a thousand talents a year from the newly diso newly acquired Empire which is something like what the Athenians uh got from it so all of that is in place this Spartan newly founded Spartan Empire was different from the Athenian Empire in a variety of ways remember the Athenian Empire it started out as a voluntary association with a very clear Common purpose to liberate those Greeks who were still under Persian Rule and to preserve their freedom from their Persian

neighbors and former conquerors and uh on the other hand the this new empire under Lysander had no purpose and it was not voluntary in any shape manner or form it was thoroughly compulsory I think it's fair to say that the Spartans had simply betrayed the Asiatic Greeks whom they had engaged in the Rebellion against the Athenians um And um kept instead of liberating them put them under Spartan Rule and in many cases frequently these governments esta lished by Lysander were tyrannical and rapacious in which these Governors and the harmos and so on basically stole what

they could from the natives this is apart from the official payments they made to the Spartans they enriched these Lysandre creatures as one of our ancient sources Writes the will of any Spartan was regarded as law in the subject cities it is clear from all the ancient writers that the Spartans were not easy people uh in their dealings with other Greeks everything in their tradition made them feel Superior to other Greeks and they didn't mind acting in that way you remember the stories of how it was that the Athenian Empire was founded or rather the

Delan League the Spartans had so alienated all the Greeks In that region by by the way they treated them that they were glad to send the Spartans away and replace them by the Athenians who did not treat them that way at least they didn't do it for some years uh before they developed into an Empire so this was another problem Spartans were not good at this job but at the beginning what was decisive was Lysander he was at the height of his power and Influence and I guess it's fair to say he reached Heights that

no mortal ever had reached in the Greek world the oligarchs whom he had restored to power in seamos loved him so much and were so uh grateful for what he had done that they held religious ceremonies on the island and literally worshiped like sander as a god this is the first time in Greek history that anybody had received such treatment on the one hand This elevated his influence and power everybody wondered at him and so on on the other hand it presented a problem because you can imagine how that went down among the aristocrats of

Sparta and most particularly with the kings of Sparta to see that this I I use a technical term not a street curse word this bastard was was now being worshiped as a God and it of course that kind of eminence was unheard of for a non- king In the Spartan world so that had all kinds of trouble down the road and he was as ambitious as he could be and it was as obvious as it could be so there was jealousy and resentment and fear at Sparta that something bad was going to happen to the

Spartan way of life to the Spartan Constitution and penus and his traditionalists bided their time for the opportunity to to put a spike into this uh Development there were other things that were flowing from what I've already described that were threatening the traditional character of Spartan life this money of course allowed for corruption now people who had money could buy people's support could buy people's um help in their own Endeavors for influence and Power in Sparta one of the things that we hear about that most Scholars would like to place in this Period and seems

reasonable to me was a new law about inheritance it's the the law of epitus is he's the man who proposed it used to be that inheritance automatically went to to in a certain direction nobody had any choice you you couldn't make out a will and leave it to anybody you liked it went through the family according to a certain pattern the law of epitus changed that you now could write a will and select your uh Successors however you wish your inheritors excuse me that meant that uh there were ways you could work around that so

as to buy somebody right while you were still alive if you wrote somebody into your will you were in effect giving him money after you died so meanwhile he could serve you and be your political supporter that was happening and people who had been raised as Spartans And expected to inherit their father's property would sometimes find that they had been cut out and now they were spartiates by birth but they lacked the necessary wealth necessary land to provide for their meals at the common mess and so they could no longer be spartiates in the full

sense and a term was discovered for them they were called hippon which means inferiors and some of the guys who Rose to power late in the pelan war as Generals because they were just good at it came from some such class so you have a variety of Spartans who are important who are not hellot who are not people you can just do what you want to they play a significant role in society but they're they don't have the position of honor the position of belonging that was necessary and these were disruptive and troubling uh developments

in the Spartan state We get a a a clue about this in 398 we hear about the planning of a revolution in the city a man by the name of kodon who was one of these hippo mayones uh was planning to have an uprising in which they would kill lots of Spartans and set up a new regime that would give room to the people who are Outsiders well the uh plot was prevented because one of the people that Kennon Approached told the story to Spartan magistrates and the plot was averted but he told the story

he told was this he was standing one day in the agara in Sparta and kenon approached him and he said uh look around you he said how many how many spartiates do you see well the answer was 40 he said and how many people are there there around here who are not spartiates and he said about 4,000 he was talking about hippon Noodes various other subspecies but also helots and also peroy and said um kenon to the man he was trying to recruit these 4,000 as regards the Spartans would gladly eat them raw so his

message was why don't we have a little Revolution well the answer was he was forestalled but it does tell you that the situation had become sufficiently dangerous that such a possibility Existed so there is Sparta coping with these various problems and trying to decide how to handle their future and I'd like to shift the scene now to Athens Athens which had been the greatest Empire that the Greeks had ever seen had been reduced now to Total defeat absolutely at the mercy of the Spartans and indeed the Athenians feared and certainly had reason to fear that

the same fate they had visited upon some states that had defied them and There were two that fit the category I'm about to mention uh Milos the island that uh was conquered by the Athenians and the thiddies uh describes how the Athenians spoke to them in the famous milon dialogue and also a place that um the um is not most people don't remember but another town in in Thrace in both places the Athenians killed all the adult males on the island when they finally put an end To the siege and sold the women and children

into slavery the Athenians had every reason to fear that that might be what happened to them as a matter of fact Corinth and thieves in the conference they had at the end of the war said let's do that thians especially said let's turn ateka into pasture land well the Spartans didn't do it and the main the reason they gave was well it would be wrong to treat such a people That way such a people who helped us in such a critical way as our partner against the Persians when we want our freedom well if you

can believe that you can believe anything more to the point I think was their fear that if they did destroy ateka I mean the the the houses and the people and all that what would happen this this would really be a vacuum a vacuum of people of everything else and certainly a vacuum of power and it wouldn't stay that way very long Thieves and its biocean subordinates would come in and occupy it and that was not a desirable thing and so the Spartans didn't do that instead with Lysander very much in charge of the settlement

that was going to be imposed on the Athenians they placed in power a small group of uh oligarchic Athenians just as by the way he he had same kind of people in the rest of the Empire but not 10 Athens was A very big place turned out that there were to be 30 of these uh new rulers of ateka all of whom had to meet the Criterion of being acceptable to Lysander and the leaders of which the really important Top Gun was a man by the name of crias a nobleman who had participated in democracy

but had turned very sharply against it he was a bril Brant man apparently he had been trained by the great rhetorician and sophist gor Gorgas uh and he was also in the circle of Socrates uh along with Plato and zenfon and various other bright young men of the upper classes in Athens and um he was a poet an orator himself a philosopher uh and so on he had and some of his uh fragments of some of his Works uh remain for us to look at but one thing that he was by 44 was a bitter

enemy of the Democracy he had Been exiled or had voluntarily taken uh Exile in order to get away from the democracy and he was determined now that there should be no democracy in Athens just to say a word about that for a moment it was an easy point of view to arrive at in 404 people who were not friendly to the Democracy could simply point to the fact that the Democracy had just lost this Great War and nobody could really understand how that had happened given the great power of Athens And of course it was

easy to point to the great event that turned the tide against Athens the Sicilian Expedition and to say this was an idiotic idea and it was exactly the kind of idiotic idea idea that a democracy would come up with and uh so that democracy itself was seen to be not just um how can I put well I was going to say let me say it was seen to be inherently Wicked because it violated what seemed to be the truth about human beings and which was very Much a part of All Greek tradition from the first

time we hear about it in home Homer until well forever which was contrary to the principle of democracy which is that all men adult male citizens are equal in some very fundamental way or should be was the uh the contrary view which had much greater support in Greek tradition that no men were in fact divided into different kinds of people and in fact the Greeks thought a a a Division into two kinds was the right kind the most important kind a division between the high and the low between the good and the bad between the

noble and the Bas and each of those pairs they're all the same people uh you're you're you're rich you're wise you're Wellborn or I should say you're rich and Wellborn therefore you're wise uh or you are not and if you're not you're obviously not equal to the other guys and therefore You shouldn't have anything to do with ruling anybody so that was the basic widespread view of what was natural uh in the Greek world now you add to that that they have just lost this terrible war and you could point to what seemed to you

to be both a wickedness and foolishness how in the world could anybody think democracy was a good thing after that that lest you think there's something special about that that's such a characteristic of the human race when Whenever you have a great war and if you have two different kinds of political systems vying with each other winning has an amazing effect on what people think so that it was the U take the first world war when the um it's it's I let me back up yeah let me not back up let me just say that

uh those countries who lost the war were very open to the idea that whatever they typically had been monarchies and so on but they had been rather relatively speaking uh Liberal monarchies they had um what do you call them legislatures and elections and things like that and what came to be seen that was came to be seen as a a losing proposition and so fascism of one sort or another took root across Europe in States that had had that Misfortune and it was felt that success or failure had to do with the rightness or the

wrongness the wisdom or the foolishness of the kinds of Arrangements that you had and then uh when um while the Soviet Union was powerful and expanding around the world uh it was expanding in part along with the idea of communism which was thought in the circles where it succeeded to be superior to the competition and observe that when the Soviet Union finally collapsed there are there may be Communists around the world anymore but they don't admit it I mean they call themselves something else the idea has been discredited by success of the Competition by failure

of that thing so it's a phenomenon that is not amazing all this looks like uh the earliest example I think that we know so um crius in any case was determined that Athens in the future would not be a democracy and in fact it looks like he was very much taken again this is typical with the with the virtues of Sparta because Sparta had won the war so it's easy to say the characteristics that the Spartan state Had must be good ones because they can do the most critical thing that a state can do win

in competition with the other states so he had in mind a very narrow oligarchy one scholar has suggested he actually had in mind to establish in Athens the closest faximile he could of the Spartan Constitution it could never be exactly the same but he he was trying to do something like that that could be be true but it was going to be narrow a smallest number of people Were going to control the uh the city uh in fact well let me back up I'll come back to what I was about to say now however when

they set up to 30 to rule Athens in 404 it was apparent to people who could judge matters pretty sensibly that given that Athens had been the Democracy for over a 100 years that it would not be easy to impose such a regime and that if you made the regime too narrow and too oligarchical you Might find yourself having trouble in keeping uh your your new regime in power so Lysander agreed to the idea of making the 30 composed of 20 men who were crius men very extreme oligarchs but allowing thines an Athenian General who

had flourished during the during the Democracy but who was very clearly not an old-fashioned Democrat he had taken part in bringing about the oligarchic revolution of 400 in the in the year 411 and when it again and that the group who made that Revolution was divided in something like the same way with the 30 would be that is to say extreme oligarchs and people like the Rines whom I guess it's fair to call moderate oligarchs although oligarchs only I think in comparison with a thoroughgoing democracy because if you ask camones what would be the right

number of people in Athens to participate in the Government his answer was as it turned out 5,000 but he really wasn't interested in that number what he was interested in was the criteria for participation in government and that was to be a hoplight to have the wealth necessary to fight in the Infantry for your city in a later sensus not too much later it was discovered that the number of men in Athens who actually fit that description was not 5,000 but 9,000 and at a time when the Athenian population of adult males was something like

21,000 so that nine out nine out of 21 would have been the people who participated in the regime 12 out of the 21 would have been too poor for that would not have been allowed to participate well that's not a democracy it is an oligarchy but it's a very broad oligarchy the word moderate I think uh applies so anyway thines was to be given The uh opportunity to appoint nine others besides himself so there were 10 therians 20 20 supporters of crius in the 30 and that was to turn out to be a problem for

the 30 as it had been uh for the 400 because when thamon saw that his colleagues in the 400 were trying to establish a narrow oligarchy he led an uprising that overthrew that oligarchy and ended up finally restoring the Democracy so that's the picture of what's going on in Athens but Athens of course was also uh inhabited at that time by all of the Exiles who had been sent into Exile during the democracy and they were bitter enemies of the Democrats at least lots of them were so you had a kind of a confrontation of

different ideas and feelings that was a little unusual in Athens a had been a pretty easygoing place before the war and even in throughout the war and to a large degree But now there were very hard divisions and very tense feelings between the different groups the 30 ruled between September of 404 and may of 403 just a matter of months as it turned out although nobody of course knew it was going to be be so short when things got started they established a council of 500 well that's the same number as the Athenian Council but

it was quite Different it was made up of extreme oligarchs they were given judicial powers men who were identified as Copans in the Greek use of that term you remember is people who uh made money out of denouncing people on false charges in the courts and then winning uh payments as a result they were very widely unpopular even in the democracy and so the 30 began with an act that was not unpopular by putting to death all the sycophant that they could find and Identify but they also put to death well-known leaders of the democracy

people whom they knew would be their political opponents so it was Bloody from the first but it was only limited to a certain small portion of the population the 30 you know just to to make the case that uh actually a man who makes this case a man named Peter CR and he is a an old y so we ought to give him credit he Um if you look at the 30 what if you look at Sparta what what comes to your mind the gcia ultimately in the course of these months the uh uh the

30 limited citizenship active participation in the government of any kind to only 3,000 Athenians out of what would have been you know at least 21,000 and probably more only these had citizen rights the Rest of the Athenians did not well that's about how many Spartan s there were at this time in history another thing they did was to at a certain point when life got tough they drove from the city of Athens all those who were not part of the 3000 well what do you call people like that who don't live in the capital city

but who live around Perry ooy and so that's why Kent suggests that this is not an accident That it's a conscious effort to to model the future Athenian State upon the great successful admirable Spartan State well Thames didn't like that this was far too narrow and uh far too uh troubling uh for the future through Thames and indeed he pointed out the contradiction he says how clever is this uh here you are a minority in the state and instead of trying to bring on more people to make yourself stronger you're driving out people and guaranteeing

that you will Have more people against you than you have for you uh he himself favored as he had in the time of the 400 he favored a hoplight census anybody who could be a hoplight could be a full-fledged Citizen and I've told you about the numbers well pretty soon the 30 became uh people objected to what the 30 was doing made complaints and the 30 began to go after them Um at different times there one of the problems about talking about the 30 is that it is not perfectly clear what is the chronology of

events and uh I I can't tell you with certainty what happened but it in what order these things happen but at some point in here the the 30 began to to attack a larger group of Athenians sometimes because they were seen to be political opponents or thought to be political opponents or Related to political opponents sometimes when things got really bad when the the 30 needed money they actually put people to death just because they were Rich so that they could take their money away and this of course increased the amount of resistance on unhappiness

so that finally a small I want to emphasize small very small group of Athenians fled the city and went into exile to neighboring cities and the this is interesting I I Think and important the cities that were most receptive to these anti-3 anti- oligarchical anti-spartan uh uh people the one who received them most readily were Corinth megga and thieves all enemies of Athens all enemies of democracy why are they doing this the answer is they are both angry at the Spartans and I think fearful that the sparta that is arising now will be a menace

to their autonomy Uh the they the particular towns were angry about different things Corinth and thieves remember had wanted to destroy Athens entirely Spartans hadn't listened to them they all shared in the uh fighting and during that long War but they did not share equally and not enough to suit them in the booty that was taken at the end of the war so there were grievances that these towns had and so they accepted this small number of Athenians and the one town that was most Important from this purpose was thieves and in thieves they were

given a decent uh home um the Spartans knowing about this sent out an order uh saying that no state should give any U home to these Exiles whereupon the thean regime at the moment uh voted that anybody who didn't give uh help to these Athenians would be punished they simply were defying the Spartans on this question the leader the most important Of the leaders of this group of Exiles it's fair to call them Democratic Exiles they wish to restore the old democracy the most important man was thulas who had been a general both his best

fighting had been done um as an admiral during the latter part of the pelian war he was present at all the great Athenian victories he was not present at the great defeat that ended the war um he uh and another important Politician by the name of anius actually began a counterrevolution and they uh with a very small number of men the sources differ but the accounts that seemed to be most plausible with only seven 70 men they went from thieves to a a natural Fortress in the mountains between thieves uh between biosa and Attica a

place called filey and build a fort there to which they hoped other discontented Athenians Would flee and join them in the U resistance and I I'm using the word resistance and it brings to mind of course an analogy that has always struck me as helpful in comprehending the situation fronting the Athenians at this time to my mind it is helpful to think about France in June of 1940 after the Germans had defeated France and occupied part of it and left the other part unoccupied but absolutely beholden to the U Nazi Regime now Frenchmen had three

choices and just as the Athenian did uh one possibility would be to join up with the new regime and try to prosper as part of it and some Athenians did that others would do what thouis did and in the France it was de go who did this he happened to be in London at the time this happened and he began to organize to undo what had happened and to throw the Germans out established the free French forces uh it's important to realize that after the war was over it's amazing how large that free French Force

had grown in people's minds in reality it was a handful of people and that's the way it always is and that's the way it was in Athens as well it was a terrifying Prospect to tackle this regime which looked like it was unbeatable remember they had been put in place by the Spartans the Spartans ruled the world what in what could what could Anybody expect to change that situation just as the Nazis looked like they were in business for the Thousand Years that Hitler had claimed he was going to have it it so that it

didn't look like you were a very courageous man if you joined the goal uh I don't know how many how many of you seen Casablanca yeah okay at least you've seen one movie in your life that's great uh well you remember uh what what are Claude Reigns and bogy doing at the end Of the war when uh he says uh Louie I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship when when he says that they're going to brazaville to join the free French well great but what what did people think about the goal they

thought he was a goddamn fool there was no chance this was idiocy sensible men what did they try to do they tried to win as much as they could in collaborating with the Germans to to make their the fate of the Frenchmen Less hard and to help France in the future in that way that's the way it was with most Athenians most Frenchmen and most Athenians didn't do either of those things they kept their heads down and tried to live their lives as best they could and I think that's I think what you need to

understand is happening and it all puts what thouas and anitus and their friends did in a very special kind of a light these were extraordinarily Brave extraordinarily r trash and Extraordinarily optimistic people uh and as it happened in this case it worked for them amazingly um they begin to gather uh forces that are helping them it's very another interesting point is that it's remarkable how few of the people with thouas were actually Athenian citizens a surprising number of them were permanent resident aliens Medics who of course were uh great targets for the 30 because they

were typically well off and had Money and of course they had no rights and no power so many of them most most of the Medics were certainly on the Democratic side of this argument many of them went to fight others uh like lissus the orator used his money to hire mercenary soldiers to fight for the thouis Democrats as well well the first test came in the month of January there were this 70 guys or so up in the fortress on filey by now the 30 were worried enough about this nent Army To send an army

of their own much bigger to try to get them and it's at this point that I'm always reminded uh again talk about analogies of uh the um uh events of Great Britain in the 16th century England I should say really in the 16th century um when the Spanish Armada was uh heading for England trying to U gain control of the island for the pope and Catholicism one thing and another and uh what happened was that um Nature if you will or as the British thought of it uh maybe God intervene as this the Armada was

coming out great wind came up and it blew the uh ships uh out of their path and wrecked many of them and really the British the English Fleet didn't do anywhere near as much damage to the Spanish Fleet as did the winds and so from that day forward there sprang up the legend in England of the Protestant wind which had come along to save the New uh English Faith against the forces of the Pope well if they can invent a Protestant wind I think it's okay for me to speak about the Democratic snow that fell

on filey that went good that's just what happened big snow storm came up and so when the uh forces of the 30 came after thros they just couldn't do it they just couldn't get there they were fought off they had to retreat and as they retreated the 70 came down after them and chased them and killed them as They fled and did a certain amount of damage and the time the passage of time was very important because more and more Athenians were becoming hostile to the regime that they had uh Fallen under and they more

and more of them although again it's amazing how few actual Athenians joined thouas but uh by this time um th Thames had come into the picture he was more and more unhappy with what was happening he stood up in The uh Council argued against crius and crius finally had him put to death uh that was in an indication of how far the reactionary forces in the state had come and uh it we might mention also that the ancient sources estimate that something like 1,500 Athenians may have been killed by the 30 tyrants well that's a

very large percentage of the population when you think about how many Athenians there were and uh finally that caused so many Of their relatives and friends to uh turn against the 30 and to join forces even if they didn't go out there and fight to be on the side of the Democrats a second attack on filey taken at a later time failed and now suddenly thouas had a larger Force he marched to the pyas and gained control of that when the 30 brought an army out to try to defeat him there he defeated them they

were forced to flee to uh elusa on the Northwestern Frontier of ateka and the Democrats were about in position to take control of the city again the 30 words deposed by the 3,000 because it was obvious they were losers and now the the the 3000 the successor government to u to the 30 appealed to Sparta for help against this Democratic Army that thouas had put out well think about what should Sparta do and you might have thought it would be obvious certainly what Lysander Wanted to do is no surprise he wanted to send the big

army to restore the ol archs to uh put his own people back in power and uh of course that was uh fine but there were people in Sparta who didn't want to do that who saw this as an opportunity to deprive Lysander of his power and influence and to restore a more normal situation in Sparta and so they Spartans did vote to send an Army in there to deal with rasas but they did did not put Lysander at the head of the Army or even one of his people instead King pinius was sent out to

do the job well they met the Athenian Army under thouas and defeated thouas but they did not try to obliterate that army or as we shall see treat them as very serious enemies for one thing the Athenians again as they had in the past fought bravely and well and inflicted serious losses on the Spartan Army but also it was obvious that penius was willing to Negotiate a settlement he wasn't insistent upon defeating the Athenians and imposing a settlement and so they worked out an agreement whereby a moderate group of 10 would be chosen in Athens

uh and penus and his and a commission sent from from Sparta to sit with penus sat down with these Athenians and worked out a Reconciliation for the future and here's the essence of what was worked out very important part of the story was that they voted the Athenians did and penus of course would have insisted on it too an amnesty whereby there would be no punishment for people on one side or the other of the quarrel in Athens of course the people who would have been punished would have been oligarchs and their friends who were

now the losing side there would be an amnesty for anybody no matter what except for the 30 themselves the 10 that the 30 had put in charge of the Pyas the 11 the 11 were the the police force so to speak the the head of the uh security forces in Athens and and so on small groups of people who were thought to be especially responsible for the nasty things that had happened in Athens but even they were not summarily put to death they could submit their Accounts at an au thunai and uh and if they

were cleared at these jury trials or these I shouldn't call them jury trials tribunals Really they could take up their position as Citizens in the new Athens as well or they could be be allowed freely to leave Athens without any harm so it was a very moderate conclusion what about real oligarchs what about them well even they were taken care of the town of elus which they had seized for their own protection as things were going badly they were allowed to stay there uh after the settlement now that left thouas and his Friends in control

in Athens and they immediately reinstated the Democratic Constitution pretty much as it had been before all of this had happened briefly in this period of transition citizenship was limited to the top three solonian classes but that quickly fell through and really the full democracy was restored in the year 401 in the same year the Democrats seized elus and brought that back into Attica so if you're there in the year 400 Athens would be seem to be exactly as it had been internally uh before the defeat in the pelian war and that newly restored democracy behaved

with remarkable moderation Aristotle in his constitution of the Athenians goes out of his way to praise this successor Athenian regime they kept closely to the amnesty they did not in fact prosecute people that they should not have done on the other hand they and and And Aristotle Praises this too because he also is I guess his sympathies are very close to those of thines to moderate oligarchy or what Aristotle would call POA moderate regime when thouis asked this is an amazing thing when he asked that those people who had served in his army who had

liberated Athens and restored the Democracy that these people be granted Athenian Citizenship the Athenian people voted no to me that is one of the most striking evidences of how the Greeks really felt about their polus because even in a situation like that the idea of sharing citizenship with anybody who was not so to speak a member of the family was beyond what they would contemplate and even with thouis the Great Hero the great Liberator uh asking them to do it they said no Dice they also repaid the debts that the 30 had accumulated what they

were doing of course was trying to get things calm as fast as they could to a achieve stability it's a very rare thing imagine well think of what the french did when the war was over they took their collaborators they tried them and they killed them for the most part that's that's what civilized people do I mean look what they did in in Rwanda and other places like that where different Sides in the Civil War simply butcher each other that's a very normal situation what the Athenians did was very abnormal it was evidence I think

in part of a great deal of wisdom on the part of the key leaders at the time and I think it also shows you that Athens over the many years of its democracy had not had sharp edges between the classes I think there was a general kind of good feeling that made that sort of mass execution something That seemed foreign and too undesirable so if we look at Athens in 401 the democracy has been completely restored and I'd like to uh draw my comments about this to a close by focusing on thouas a man who

I think probably none of you had ever heard his name when you came into this class you had heard of Pericles you may have heard of theistic you heard of lots of different aans you never heard of thouas so you might be surprised to hear the Following Cornelius nepus a Roman uh historian of the first century BC in writing lives of famous Greeks and Romans wrote The Following about thulas if Excellence were to be weighed by itself apart from luck I believe I would rank this man first of all this much is certain I put

no one ahead of him in sense of Honor steadfastness greatness of soul and love of country that ain't Bad but it's not the end a few years before 180 ad penus the great travel writer of antiquity wrote his Guide to the famous and historic places of ancient Greece in the section on Athens he described the graves of the heroes and men that line the roads outside the city beginning with the one leading to the place known as The Academy here's what penus the travel writer says the first is that of thulas son of Lus in

every way the greatest of all famous Athenians whether they lived before or after him think of all the names that are involved in that and maybe the weight of penus is General comparison is intensified by something a little bit more specific because the next words in panus account is are these his is the first grave and after it comes that of paricles just in case you thought he missed Pericles by Mistake now that's extraordinary and it there's a great puzzle that I've never I can't solve and probably never can be solved but how could it

be that these fellas who lived centuries afterwards said these things about thouas and we never heard of him I mean barely heard of him there I mean the best answer I can give you is there must have been lost histories and we know there are of the period and they must have given thouas The kind of credit for the his remarkable achievements that don't show up in zenfon and diodorus and the orators uh but we at last and you have an obligation to Future Generations must not let the name of thouis lie in obscurity again

and just so that you don't forget him remember he he is the only Greek I know who uh whose name fits uh a Yale fights onong thas thus