[Music] you have the murder of a British Member of Parliament by a far right sympathizer eyewitnesses to the killing heard Thomas may say briten first over and over as he tapped her to death we cannot control immigration all the while we're members of the European political union what brexit showed us is that the fire right can win you know this has been a bitterly divided campaign we've got our country back every single Western European country has a powerful faray populist party today a new movement is rising in gree slogan clear the filth we have to
liberate Europe from the monster of Brussels they want to undermine the central European project we cannot accept unlimited numbers of migrants and refugees every so often Europe disconnects itself from its traditions of Tolerance and liberalis every single party on the radical right uses this to show that Europe is a Christian continent the Muslim is the new enemy Marine Leen leader of the farri right National front party described the street prayers to an occupation we will see more ruptures more extremism more anger more frustration My Generation need a European dream and there is no European dream
[Music] the Western European idea social liberalism free movements of people are now being replaced by a form of thinking from Orban Wilders Leen and farage all over the continent the rise of the far po has just as much to do with the failure particularly of the centeral left to speak to the hearts and minds of the working class we have created a narrative of fear of of exclusion and we are losing a huge opportunity there are many people who see Europe as interfering in their Affairs there was no such thing as homogeneous ethnic nation states
ever Western Europe was the part of the European Union that that set the terms for so long clearly it's being challenged now the European Union's values are no longer Global I don't believe in this idea that democracy is only for you know the Western Christian Society what is happening is I think the emergence of a new political field with new political movements new political parties who want change Europe is in the throws of a far right populist Resurgence threatening mainstream politics and the Very idea of of European integration nationalism is playing a key part in
elections across the continent while Europe waits to see how far the far rights has come and how far the European Union has left to go to understand Europe and where we are today in terms of European integration and some of the phenomena we're seeing in the Contemporary period we do have to go back to that Europe that no longer exists the post roll War to Europe there was one overarching sentiment among the elites but also among the people and that was this should never happen [Music] again this was then supposed to be the beginning of
a period where there would be no world war that the future Generations would be spared the scourge of war and therefore nationalism was to some extent to be suppressed Europe divided by nationalism and devastated by war was to have a new beginning and it would be ordained by the leaders of Britain the US and the Soviet Union in the Crimean resort of Yalta Yalta shapes the post-war landscape that we see all the way from 1945 to 1989 including the positioning of the Iron Curtain the fate of the East European countries was controver versial Russia had
suffered so badly at the hands of Germany but at the same time the language of the yalter conference seem to guarantee a degree of democracy and pluralism and when that doesn't happen there's a sense of those promises about pluralism being shut down in February 1945 US President Franklin Roosevelt British prime minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin marked out a joint plan for a liberated Europe it set in place spheres of influence for Soviet and Western interests and would lead to the creation of East and West Germany but yela went beyond allocating The Spoils
of War it ushered in the beginning of a new grand [Music] narrative Stalin's primary concern was what he called security it was quite clear that the countries that the Red Army occupied would remain part of the Soviet sphere and then the Americans and the British started to become more suspicious of of Soviet motives and to see Soviet aggression as something that they needed to to deal with much more if the US was to challenge any Soviet aggression then to American Minds a unified Western European block would be a vital bullar Europe was left completely economically
dilapidated struggling and at that time you know if we think of where is the starting point for what we now call the European Union in many ways it was the Marshall Plan the 1948 Marshall Plan officially known as the European recovery program distributed $13 billion of us Aid across ravaged Western Europe sanctioned by President Harry S Truman and led by his secretary of state George Marshall the plan had at its heart the aim of United Europe the idea that Western Europe should form a federation was taken for granted uh certainly by the United States and
when the United States offered Marshall Plan a the idea was that the Europeans uh in return would form a United States of Europe they want to see a United Europe because they think that will attract some of the Eastern satellite states away from the Russians essentially it's about making Western Europe in America's own image and also selling America to the Europeans this is cultural [Music] imperialism in May 1950 2 years after the Marshall Plan had been put into effects France's foreign minister Robert Schuman laid bare the vision of European [Music] un the Schuman declaration had
been drafted by French diplomat Jean Monet Paving the way for the Treaty of Paris in 1951 it now brought together France and West Germany along with Italy Belgium Lux ber and the Netherlands to establish the European coal and Steel Community Jean Monet would be its first president this is Jean mone's idea that you create a supranational thority to Hive off coal and steel which really were seen at that time as the senur of war and if you hand those over to the supernational authority which is called actually called the high Authority then War becomes impossible
in 1955 he set up the action committee for the United States of Europe a pressure group that went beyond preventing War it aimed for nothing less than a European superstate it was an idea that found powerful friends and common purpose across the [Music] Atlantic hundreds of thousands of American dollars were put into Jean own action committee for United States of Europe uh and the CIA uh was doing everything it could to promote it uh and the C CIA was doing that through uh the US committee for United States of Europe and so using the CIA
using covert funding trying to create the impression of a ground swell of opinion is thought of as much more effective in terms of pushing the Europeans down the Federalist [Music] Road a federal Europe would consolidates what the North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO had been set up to do keep Soviet power in check by 1955 just weeks after West Germany entered NATO the Soviet Union formalized the Warsaw pacts drawing in nations from Central and Eastern Europe Europe in a common counter purpose challenging Western [Music] domination Europe was once more the center of ideological struggle the European
continent becomes uh a Battleground between anglo-american influence uh that's trying to uphold and expand liberal democracy versus uh Soviet communism which is really uh tied up with anti-fascism anti-fascism is crucial for the Soviets The View was well we've defeated fascism now we have the right to uh to govern this region we have the right to install our system and that system was based ideologically on the notion of anti-fascism at the core of Soviet anti-fascism lay a charred distrust of nationalism but the Communist hierarchy now under Nikita Krush was quick to understand that National Traditions had
political value instead of suppressing those cultural Traditions uh at one point in the 1950s and 60s Soviet Union decided to let them flourish a bit uh all under the Soviet umbrella people were allowed to explore you know soft versions of nationalism and cultural versions but anything political was deeply frowned upon I just frowned upon very repressed uh aggressively by the Soviet state the Soviet Union favored a model of national communism so despite the fact that you had an official ideology of internationalism there was nationalism within certain certain communist regimes nationalism was tolerated by the communist
regime when it served its purpose but when that purpose was in the interests of sovereignty tolerance turned to [Music] belligerence in Budapest for example in 1956 the uprising which is genuinely an attempt to take Hungary out of the Warsaw packs and to reintroduce a form of parliamentary democracy is condemned by hardliners within the Hungarian regime and by OS as the work of fascists some 8,000 people are believed to have lost their lives in the face of Soviet tanks and artillery so anti-fascism in Eastern Europe is becoming anti-westernism by the late 1950s the division of Europe
into two ideological blocks is a political economic and cultural reality the 1957 Treaty of Rome transformed the six of the European coal and Steel Community into the European economic community and by August 1961 the Iron Curtain that symbolically divided Europe in two is made real with the building of the Berlin Wall Eastern Europe was closing itself off from the west but at that same time the West Was opening up to the rest of the world it initially started from southern Europe and so countries like Germany and uh Belgium in particular in France would get people
from Italy Spain Portugal Greece but by the late 50s early 60s there were simply not enough people and they reached out to other countries most notably turkey and Morocco there was a need for labor and so um Central Europe was able to absorb for example the 12 million German expellees from Eastern Europe the so-called guest workers in Germany from Turkey uh or in Britain uh the arrival of uh nonwhite immigrants from the Commonwealth Europe was experiencing an unprecedented Boom the European economic Community was absorbing foreign workers whilst keeping brisen out of its increasingly wealthy Club
but as the British government sought integration with Europe some considered the integration of new arrivals to Britain as a route to ruin in this country in 15 or 20 years time the black man will have the whip hand over the white man well I can already hear the chorus of execration how dare I stir up trouble and inflame feelings by repeating such a conversation my answer is that I do not have the right not to do so in 1968 Enoch Powell a former British government Minister and serving member of the conservative Shadow cabinet delivered a
dark vision of a multicultural Britain and handed the far rights new [Music] legitimacy you have people like Enoch pal actually saying this kind of stuff it means that groups on the fascist Fringe can suddenly get some credibility some respectability because it seems like they're saying the same stuff as this figure Eno po but even put Enoch power to one side when you start introducing legislation immigration laws that in their underlying premise is is actually accepting that far-right narrative right that Britain is a white country you also have the authority of the entire political system legitimizing
this perspective and that's really when the kind of fascist movements in Britain get their great opportunity to cross over into a much more mainstream Place one group more than any other would seize the opportunity and Prey Upon public concern we can respect the black man but we don't want to mix with him and he doesn't want to mix with us the national front is founded begins to campaign very strongly in the East End of London uh in the Midlands and in some Northern towns uh and it offers avert racism and xenophobia and anti-Semitism and begins
in some areas to connect with with an anxious population by the 60s of course Europe was was booming economically and there started to be the need for migration do you recall either of you two what how how that how how that message was conveyed from the governments of European countries to the workers of their countries that you know there are people going to come over here from other countries and and work in the factory with you how how did they say that to people and and was it was it accepted as as as as logical
if you want your economy to grow that you're going to have to get people in from other countries as I recall it uh in this country it was presented as this is the Commonwealth these are commonwealth citizens sure that's a specific thing about the free to come here now don't forget uh as far as France is concerned uh North Africa is a part of Metropolitan France until terribly recently so Algeria becomes independent 62 and there's constant traffic and first of all there's I think about three million of the So-Cal piano the North African French and
then over time gradually uh you get many more North Africans finding work and Germany is doing something very similar not from ex colonies uh is saying the Turkish G Turkish but don't forget the Italians and the Greeks and the yugoslavs they're all coming in the 60s that they take on migrants because it's cheaper than investing in new Machinery the human capital is cheaper than actually investment and that is a mistake if you like that capitalism makes uh that you bring in large numbers of people um who then turn out actually also to be people not
just and the idea that people different skin colors and things like the would just arrive I I imagine must have been quite quite shocking to people without them necessarily assuming that they were racist themselves would you think that's right or not well this is a of course a wider issue but we were in Greece on the other side we were exporting labor and uh this was a a time when Greece had been of course after the Nazi occupation and we went through a civil war so it was quite a quite a difficult time of uh
reconstruction and and and poverty in Greece which then many people left their Villages and went to Germany and other parts of the world also but Germany was the main uh destination as Gast ARB then of course the guest workers I mean one thing also about that particular time period and we're talking about migration we had to remember that in the 1960s you also have the Iron Curtain the Bur and wall so a lot of the say individuals that could have come in as guest workers from other places they're more European you could think of it
that way uh from central eastern Europe uh were no longer able to move and they were no longer able like the polls weren't able to go to Germany easily Etc so that natural migration ceased to exist uh because of Soviet expansion if you want to think of it after Yalta and after World War II and so if you think about what the the case that Germany found itself in after the war was yes of course it was cheaper for them to bring in Turkish uh guest workers to rebuild uh versus investing Machinery or retraining their
own workers by can I just descent somewhat from that first of all uh you're also looking at very very considerable internal migration within Europe there's a huge Italian migration to Germany in the 50s they go home for the most part so the Germans think okay we can import G guest workers gasta because they'll go home but then they discover they don't go home and ever since that time they don't quite know what to do because they've become very good at making Germans out of Germans yes but are not good at making Germans anybody El do
you do you think the the people who are running the countries at the time do you think they just expected guest workers to go home when the work wasn't there anymore were they surprised what about your your migrating Greeks do you think that they ever thought that they'd go back home or did they decide that they well that's where the world Nostalgia comes from is the would desire to go back to your your Homeland and and uh that's been since ancient times and um the desire to return is there I would say in Germany that's
certainly the case in France Britain no I think those who had come here were here to stay by the 1960s Germany was not ready to assimilate people of a different skin color above all I think a difference in [Music] culture as Western Europe was struggling to come to terms with new arrivals from distant places in the East Soviet power was once again beating back indigenous calls for change the failed Prague spring of 1968 showed the limits of peaceful protest against the Iron Will of communist control setting in place an uneasy New Normal in Eastern Europe
what you see at this time particularly after 1968 is what was called in czechoslov normalization in other words uh the stagnation really of the political system this is where you know our our image of the Communist period as gray and Bleak and environmentally degraded really comes from of Soviet society as being kind of payoff where the rulers no longer try to make people believe in uh communist ideology and the people just try and get by as as best as they can people in Eastern Europe got by keeping to a strange status quo with the creaking
communist [Music] Authority for those in the west getting by meant getting to grips with transformational change at the beginning of 1973 after nearly three decades of looking in from the outside Britain along with Ireland and denm Mark finally joined the European economic Community the eec had grown to nine member states later that same year an economic cartel on another continent would shock the world and force Europe to face its immigration challenge [Music] in 1973 the oil crisis happened and the European economies were were pretty much in recession and that ended the guest worker program and
pretty much ended economic immigration legal economic immigration to European countries a hike in the price of crude oil by the multinational oil cartel OPEC sparked an economic crisis that was part of a wider downturn in European [Music] fortunes it would leave the so-called guest workers with no work and no thought of going back to where they came from the irony is that actually the numbers of immigrants kind of went up after that particularly through family reunion workers were more visible because they um they came with their families with the wives with the children and they
were supposed now to [Music] stay it was clear that the gas workers weren't going home and only then when they weren't going home and they increasingly moved out of their kind of fact Factory owned apartments and went into mostly white workingclass areas that it became an issue because only then it became clear that they were here to stay and they were going to be part of society so many tensions appeared but the problem is known you need someone you use that person and when you don't need him anymore you ask him to go back that
was a problem and you know in a country where where there was a big crisis uh the first tensions appeared and that is pretty much where the politization of the debate started mostly within white working class because they were the ones confronted with them and that's where far right party started to pick up on them foreign guest workers had now become visible local fixtures in France this shift brought disperate sections of the far rights under the leadership of one man all of these different groups with different Roots came together in 1972 in the font National
and one of the leader the main leader was je Marie Leen who actually also had kind of a foot in several of them Leen is a former military uh uh Commando he is quite populist he's charismatic He's Able essentially to dominate that space je Marie Leen transformed from National from kind of an an old elitist a backward looking far-right party with extrem right anti-democratic Tendencies into the Prototype of the modern populist radical right party where he started to say that he was the voice of the people and that he said what other people thought and
he was the taboo breaker and the big taboo was immigr [Applause] ation Jean Marie Le Pen was long established in the French nationalist movement but had failed to achieve any popular [Music] [Applause] success many considered his views of non-european cultures as racist with anti-Semitism a recurrent theme of his politics but with guest workers now seemingly a fixture of French society Pen's new front National saw a new opportunity [Music] [Music] this self-proclaimed Resurgence of far right sentiment wouldn't just be confined to French soil but just as the far rights look to take advantage of anti-immigrant sentiment
and economic uncertainty their ideas would achieve a victory but leave their parties a loss the pressure on mainstream politics to start talking about immigration to restrict immigration particularly non-white immigration these are things that mainstream politics responds to Often by stealing the clothes of the farri they think that the way to see off the challenge of the far right is to adopt uh some of if you like the more palatable uh varieties of its of its politics uh and this shifts the political discourse in general to the right in Britain the national front had increased its
support during a decade of political and economic turmoil but in the runup to the 1979 general election conservative party leader Margaret Thatcher would steal the clothes of the far right and steal a march on her Rivals including the national front and I think it means that people are really rather afraid that this country might be rather swamped by people with a different culture for the first time we start to get this idea of culture being the dividing line and this idea of an alien culture coming to overwhelm sense of British national identity that language had
been National front language had been Enoch pow language now it's mainstream conservative party language Margaret Thatcher makes an avert play for National front voters at the 1979 general election the national front essentially Falls flat at the original his death now she's just coming into Downing Street now here comes the prime ministerial Rover and Mrs Thatcher out onto the doorstep the conservative party victory in the 1979 UK general election marked a turning point in European politics Mr Dennis thater husband standing behind the next decade would bring defining social and economic shifts and lead to the far
right being both embattled and emboldened the 1980s is when you see the restructuring of the Western European economy and at the end of it it's An Almighty transformation it's the beginning of what nowadays we would call neoliberalism it's the it's the the free market has to be the dominant way in which society is organized where postwar Europe had been built on primary industry coal building um ship building car man manufacturing and you see the economy has shifted towards the service sector so the deregulation of the banking system the opening up of financial markets Financial Services
is one of the most enormous uh economic changes uh of modern European times the changes were led by Margaret Thatcher's conservative government which pushed through radical reforms the shift to the right of mainstream politics that had sidelined the British far right was matched By changes to the economy that Pro to be both decisive and divisive the country that had long remained in post-war Europe's Shadow would now light a new way for others to follow and for the far right to exploit lots of communities in the northeast of England or the northeast of France places that
have been reliant on single Industries are now in massive Decline and this allow vows I think for uh those uh incubating farri movements of uh the postwar period a kind of opportunity you know after the war there was such resentment against anything that smelled of you know fascism far right all of these ethnic ideas particularly in the 1960s in places like Germany and Austria where they really came to terms with what their leadership had carried out uh and so as a result there was of course this undercurrent know in every society you have some Fringe
extremism uh but you know in terms of movements and political parties these kinds of groups didn't really emerge in a real way until much later at the same time as all this was happening you were starting to see the white backlash against migration the rise of the far rights in the National front in in in the UK uh later in the 1980s similar projects in other countries I remembered there was a lot of resentment it takes about a generation for for the long settled native population to get used to incomers um of whatever color the
problem with the nonwhite migrants is that they couldn't assimilate so multiculturalism was devised for them uh there was resentment I'm thinking of the nating Hill Grace RS of 59 which shocked the establishment the British establishment and then they started to establish various institutions and so on and we've moved on I mean I think this country has done quite well in terms of integration let's just move on a little to the to the 1980s when margarth acher spoke about the country being swamped this this was the point in time wasn't it where we started to see
the start of the assimilation of right-wing ideas into Political mainstream around issues like migration yes I think that what we are seeing is a lot of the mainstream right-wing ideas have merged with some of the uh ultr right uh ideas also the migration issue of course has affected both the right and the left as parties and and there have been divisions and from a different point of view uh migration is used to fight strikes so that if you had a strong union you bring in labor or other labor or other ethnic groups and they will
uh they will break the strike but clearly by by by the 1980s you had the collapse of all that traditional industry anyway the the the emergence of well this did this was you know the financial sector the Big Bang in the in the in in the financial dist the old blue color jobs were disappearing yes and and you see then uh particularly in France a lot of the voters for the Communist Party move to the right and to to the ultra right and why is that because they see the foreign worker as uh somebody who's
U undermining their basic standards because they will work for cheaper or they'll work on you know on the black as they say was an easy way to divide um and polarize our societies and and even in the working movement and undermine the strength of the unions then but of course there were other issues too as you said there was de-industrialization but this was also a very good political view of okay let's divide the people and divide and rule in a sense uh from the sort of capitalist point of view I completely agree about uh the
working class being a cleavage in in this process and if we look at the rise of those these early farri parties particularly the national front and also the Freedom Party in Austria these are the two parties that have been around for quite some time the majority of the others are relatively new um they really didn't hit um any sort of electoral success until they figured out how to access the Grievances of the working class until they figured out that was not a constituency they could just write off because that was always going to be the
labor parties and the the Central LA they were going to take those individuals up because to it was just Niche racists that they were attracted I actually think what they figured out is that because of bigger processes we take a step out of an increasingly globalized Society increasing integration yes factories were closing this was happening Across the Western world not just in Europe of course um and they know individuals were upset they were losing their factory jobs and then you have uh you know a Savvy politician like Jean Marie Le Pen come in and say
well look um Unemployment uh is not you're not to blame um it is the Immigrant that is to blame in 1983 French president FR mol's socialist Coalition was roundly defeated by rightwing opposition in Municipal elections the following year a controversial television appearance by the leader of the front National would help the presidents reclaim lost ground and Lead critics to question the opportunistic timing Leen got on one of the most watched programs in the debate and the pen turned out to be a fantastic speaker on top of that the party was Modern had very good um
propaganda targeted pretty much uh guest workers and targeted the elite for either not discussing it or for allegedly um siding with guest workers [Music] Med [Music] sha Mar Leen naal was largely absent from mainstream French television but his 1984 appearance on the political debate program Le was a milestone that four months later helped secure 2.2 million votes in the European parliamentary elections the hor National's grab of right-wing votes away from mainstream right-wing parties struck aord with France's left-wing presidents in 1985 in what some claim to be a cynical manipulation of national politics France meeron changed
France's electoral system to proportional [Music] representation it was a move that the following year would help the for naal claim 35 seats in the French National Assembly what he was trying to do was use the national front to damage the center right in order to bolster his own uh electoral prospects but that lets a genie out of the bottle and the FN begins to acquire credibility the front National had Representatives uh at the assembly National because of the decision of M to change the system the political system it was a revolution to uh to see
these party being represented represented uh in the assembly National what happened was that not just uh F National emerging but actually the first parties to ENT um the national Parliament were in Belgium the Flemish block and in the Netherlands the center party where the F National play the major role was that they were really the inspiration of other [Music] parties far right parties were emerging as a political reality while the European economic Community was enlarging to include Spain Portugal and Greece the 1980s Drew to a close with increasing Western European Unity but the East would
experience a seismic contraction president Mikel gorbachov's perista reforms failed to save the Soviet Union from collapse the West had won the ideological war and the fall of the Berlin Wall would symbolize the end of the 20th Century's Grand narrow Ive nationalism suppressed and manipulated by Soviet power for half a century was now freed from the Communist [Music] Yoke the Soviet Union stagnates and then collapses was this the point in time when nationalism started really to come back into well that was a thesis put forward by countless Western journalists these are really deep down dubious fascist
toid people this is nonsense of course you you you agree I completely agree uh in in reality what was happening was that you had populations who had very little experience uh of what we call democracy learning the process there were always a there would always be a minority 5 7% um declaiming outrageous views and that was there the focus was on that so the rest of the people said but wait a minute you're not taking our efforts seriously um but in fact the elites and I think much of the population said we're going to try
and accept the democratic system because we want to join Europe was curious then while while this was going on that the the nationalism was on the rise in in Western Europe This is the the thing the Paradox I completely agree that there was this view particularly after the dissolution of the Soviet Union that now that you don't have this supernational dictatorship controlling all of these populations with central eastern Europe you're going to have this unleashing of ethnic nationalism these countries are going to devolve into Wars and nationalist dictatorships all of these kind of fear-monger but
of course that that didn't happen um in fact central eastern European countries if anybody that had gone there when they were under the IR curtain would have known that since the 1960s and70s there was mass cynicism about the Soviet Union in and everything that imp Pro promis in his ideology as as you know very well uh and so there was a desire a deep desire to be part of the West to have democracy to have access to Consumer markets capitalist markets that could bring you your televisions blue jeans all of these things computers right and
so in the con Block in Moscow when the first McDonald's opens I I was in that line I'll tell you that 1991 yes I'll tell you one one little story about how cynical it was in fact when uh when my family immigrated from the Soviet Union we had to go through Moscow and I was uh a child then and my mother asked uh do you want to go to the red square and see the Kremlin because we never thought we were going to come back at that time we were refugees from the Soviet Union um
and or do you want to go to the first McDonald's and there was the line was about the same for both about three hours and of course we went to the McDonald's this was how much you know as a child uh you wanted those markers of the West I mean that was really the light at the end of the tunnel you know going back to the to the earlier point of what was happening and how it was viewed and I think there was a certain probably unconscious desire on the part of the West to see
problems whether or not I mean I can still remember Western journalists without exception but especially the Americans were saying there will be an interethnic war between Hungary and Romania why hasn't it happened nobody ever tackled it what failed to transpire in Hungary and Romania would ignite in the Balkans Communism had held the multiethnic Republic of Yugoslavia together since 1945 despite being outside Soviet control but as communist rule fell Yugoslavia fell with it follow [Music] [Music] this was the eruption of ethnonationalist Warfare on European soil there were regions where you had in some cases a minority
in the majority and vice versa when it started to unravel these ethnic and political tensions which were in many cases instrumentalized for political gains it was something that Europe hadn't anticipated and Europe wasn't ready for on the one hand it reinforced the Western images about Eastern Europe as being a powder of nationalism that had just been held down by by communism on the other hand that Vision also kind of strengthened the idea that um these countries should be integrated into the European Union and and into that that Union of of Peace prior to the wars
in Yugoslavia the 1990 Charter of Paris had already drawn Eastern block countries into the West's ideological framework as Europe's axis shifted European inte ation was on the threshold of a historic Union but nationalism far from consigned to history would threaten to pull Europe [Music] apart 2015 created The Perfect Storm for the radical right the problem of security became an important issue for French people Refugee equals terrorist we've encouraged different cultures to live apart from the mainstream either Hungary becomes a corridor for migrants or we build the fense President Putin has given support to far right
movements to hope that Europe disintegrates the danger is forgetting what demanded the integration of Europe in the first place
