so in the last video we did discuss all of the reforms that alexander ii brought about during his reign and we didn't really touch upon the opposition to this reforms and this is what we're gonna do in this video because there was quite a lot of opposition to the reforms that he implemented okay so we're gonna start with just the general spread of opposition throughout the country so in 1860 in one 1860s a number of reforms stimulated both excitement and opposition okay so these are these are these are different reforms so there was a relaxation
on censorship laws so censorship so meaning that people were more free to speak their opinions so people more free to speak their opinions more free to speak their opinions okay education changes led to a growth of more independent radical student organizations I mentioned this a little bit in the last video so there was a small increase in radical student organizations because of the lack surveys achill effects of making the universities more independent and letting them and let them choose their own curriculum okay legal reforms also attracted the middle class who were critical of the government
and this led to a couple of opposition groups so in 1862 we see young Russia which was a student organization that was hostile to both the Tsar and the church don't forget that the church still dominated education so church still dominated still dominated education and then there was in 1863 the organizations which were set up by students at Moscow University to coordinate revolutionary activities okay so again because Moscow University became independent we start to see independence equals more radicalization so independence he calls more radical more radicals okay I actually see that there but it says
more radicals okay so between 1866 and 1867 a number of assassinations sparked a period of reaction Alexander appointed reactionary ministers okay so we had to meet with Tolstoy and we have Peter serve our love serve a love okay and these were the first in a long line of assassination attempts that were going to plague Alexander for the rest of his life until he was assassin till they were actually successful for the final time okay we'll talk about that in a later video so the ministers these ministers here reactionary ministers suggested that the westernization of Russia
was weakening Society so what do we mean by the westernization of Russia well in the last video we talked about these liberal reforms okay so these liberal reforms that came about and it suggested that this would this is indicative of aligning with the West aligning with more Western ideals with more Western ideals okay and all this did lead to the idea of Russia morva are being more westernized so joining the West in terms of policy and society okay this is not something that is new the westernisation also happened under Peter the Great and it is
something that happens until the Russian Revolution when everything soft was drawn back away from the West however under Alexander there was a number of westernizing reforms and as a result alexander stopped reforming and even reversed some policies okay so if we go up here I've drawn arrows waxey I can see where I'm going so when he reversed policies these were known as the counter reform policies so he made these reforms he realized that they were that they were causing problems in society and opposition so he counter reforms he brought some of them back a little
bit okay so originally the authority of primary schools was in the hands of the Zephyr that was what one of the reforms that were made that we looked at the last video but now Alexander returned the authority of primary school education back to the church which helped to scupper the air religious opposition secondary schools were also to remove Sciences from the curriculum which also helped to scupper religious religious opposition since these were almost religious reforms university appointments could also be vetoed by government this is an attempt to this is an attempt to reduce radicalization so
attempt to reduce to reduce radicalization okay and then student organizations were banned this is also an attempt to reduce radicalization within law and order the third section which was a almost secret police was increase the work the amount the numbers that they had and the work that they were gonna do okay 1878 political crimes were tried in a secret military Corps so these public courts that were that were set up by Alexander some of them were scrapped for certain crimes so public courts public course scrapped for certain crimes okay and in 1879 governor generals were
given emergency powers so this is again taking away from democracy so this is a almost like a step back from democracy so a step back from democracy from democracy so all together these the liberal reforms that Alexander introduced were seen as almost going too far the Alexander wanted these liberal reforms and he reformed the country a little bit too quickly which led to people opposing these reforms he didn't let it just happen more slowly Ezra's always here to get to sort of back step a little bit and go back and we reform some areas of
education and law in order to to try and like scoop or any opposition however there was still further opposition's so there were opposition's to the russo-turkish war which was in 1877 to 1878 there was also famine in 1879 and 1880 and then there was still in the city in that so in those same years there were still further assassination attempts they were still people tried to assassinate the czar these all led to a lie under the second establishing a commission to investigate the spread of revolutionary activity which resulted in the release of political prisoners the
abolition of the third section you know the the secret police that was that was used earlier on okay and it took a relaxation on censorship and a removal of tax on soul this was all in an attempt to appease appease radical opposition okay so we've seen in this video compared to the last video we see that Alexander he brought about a number of very liberal reforms in education and judiciary within the military and then he had to sort of backstep himself because of the opposition that was growing some argue that it was because he these
reforms were done too quickly these reforms weren't a society wasn't allowed to almost adapt to these reforms and so as a result we have religious and radical opposition to Alexander which leads to a number of assassination attempts on his life so he had to counter reform and bring back a number of the a number of the policies that he had made
