[Music] [Music] welcome back in this session we'll discuss primary sources of information sources of information are often considered primary secondary or tertiary depending on the originality and proximity of when it was created the primary source of information are basic sources of new information which are not passed through any filtering mechanism like condensation interpretation or evaluation the documents in which such information is published are known as primary sources such information is not available in secondary sources they are the first published records of original research and developments that have not been altered or distorted in any way
they exist of their own and usually contain original information on the first formulation of any new observation experiment ideas etc they are the resources in which the author for the first time supplies evidence describes a discovery makes or derives a new proposition or brings forward new evidence about previous proposition it is a fundamental authoritative document related to a subject of inquiry used in the preparation of a later derivative work unesco defines a primary source as original scientific paper describing new research techniques or apparatus primary does not mean superior it refers to the creation by the
primary players and is distinguished from a secondary source which is a historical work like a scholarly book or article build up from primary sources the significances of primary sources are as follows the subject becomes a discipline in its own right when independent primary sources begin to be produced in that area the progress and development of a country directly depend the primary literature that reports a new discovery the information published in primary sources is newly generated recent current full and up-to-date for all other investigators working in the same field when any research or investigation or it's
any concept is first published in primary sources only it becomes the basic and original source of communication of information and reports quickly to be used by other users publication of primary sources of information about duplication in the research thus saves time money and labor to be spent on it it also acts as a guide to the researcher engaged in the same field by pointing out what has been done and up to what level etc the primary source of information helped in the compilation of secondary and tertiary sources of information often primary sources of information may
be the only source of information in existence there are certain primary sources of information which remain unpublished very often these may be consulted for historical interest such materials include laboratory notebook memoranda diaries letters to and from a particular individual company etc primary sources may also be in other forms including interviews recordings paintings or even computer software email correspondence and web pages examples of primary sources include periodicals research or technical reports conference proceedings patents standards theses and dissertations research reports trade literature laboratory notebooks official publications correspondence personal files personal papers letters both personal and business Diaries
and journals both personal and business photographs and paintings sketches original maps etc advertisements posters and banners memos genealogy records both personal or family and from public records footage newsreels videotapes or audio tapes etc newspaper articles written at time of the event oral histories minutes of meetings related to the event vital records birth and death records census records code records tax records property records Church registers or other public and private records material artifacts physical objects or evidence related to the event including articles of clothing furnishings coins stamps buildings tools weapons etc creative works such as novice
assist poetry music art and audio or video recordings more recently computer software email archives web documents etc and many additional types of similar materials primary sources are characterized by the content regardless of whether they are available in original format in microfilm or microfiche in digital format or in published form at primary periodicals a periodical is anything that comes out with regular issues a daily newspaper a weekly news magazine a monthly journal and annual book series are all examples of periodicals many periodicals are written for a general audience whose readers are not expected to have specialized
knowledge or training however probably even more periodicals are written for specialists and have articles that are difficult for readers who lack that background these periodicals written for a scholarly audience are called journals scientific periodicals are still the most important source of information for science a periodical generally contains more than one article two major types of periodicals are one journals of learned societies and professional institutions two journals issued by commercial publishers through normal channels in addition there are two minor types these are house journals issued by firms to promote good relations staff and customers and controlled
circulation journals often containing essentially trade catalogue material and issued free reports a reporter account is any informational work made with specific intention of relaying information or recounting certain events in a widely presentable form written reports are documents which present focused salient content to a specific audience reports are often used to display the results of an experiment investigation or inquiry the audience may be public or private an individual or the public in general reports are used in government business education science and other fields reports use features such as graphics images voice or specialized vocabulary in order
to pursuit that specific audience to undertake an action some examples of reports are scientific reports recommendation reports white papers annual reports auditors reports workplace reports census reports trip reports progress reports investigative reports budget reports policy reports demographic reports credit reports appraisal reports inspection reports military boots bound reports etc reports are a very useful method for keeping track of important information the information contained in reports can be used to make very important decisions that affect our lives daily patents a patent is a right granted by a sovereign state to the honor of an invention for a
limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of the invention that prevents other forms of making using importing or selling the invention without his permission patents are a form of intellectual property a patentable invention can be a product or a process that gives a new technical solution to a problem it can also be a method of doing things the composition of a new product or a technical improvement on how certain objects book in modern usage the term patent usually refers to the right granted to anyone who invents any new useful or non-obvious process
machine article of manufacture or composition of matter some other types of intellectual property rights are also called patents in some jurisdictions industrial design rights are called design patents plant breeders rights are sometimes called plant patents and utility models are sometimes called petty patents or innovation patents the procedure for granting patents requirements placed on the patentee and extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements typically however a granted patent application must include one or more claims that define the invention a patent may include many claims each of which
defines a specific property right the exclusive right granted to a patentee in most countries is the right to prevent others or at least to try to prevent others from commercially making using selling importing or distributing a patented invention without permission under the World Trade organization's agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights patents should be available in WTO Member States for any invention in all fields of technology and the term of protection available should be a minimum of 20 years nevertheless there are variations on what is patentable subject matter from country to country standards a
standard is a document that provides requirements specifications guidelines or characteristics that can be used consistently to ensure that materials products processes and services are fit for their purpose standards are unit or measures in terms of weight size length qualities composition process of production etc established by national and international organisations standards are finalized after thorough testing research and study the importance of standards in any industrial community is well-known to sustain the complicated mechanism of preparation agreement and observance of standard practices in the various industrial and manufacturing processes methods measurements terminologies etc there is need for a
different type of information services the standards are the best sources for such information in non industrial areas also unification of practices through standards is being gradually attained all standards are usually listed in the standardizing bodies handbook or list and selected standards are also noticed are reviewed in technical journals standards are also noticed in national and subject bibliographies the information content of standards varies according to the nature of them some standard prescribes only the accepted quality or performance value of products example found in pending electrics cable laboratory vers similarly there are standard on test methods weight
mass practices and on technical terminology the information content will naturally vary in all these standards specifications a specification is a detailed except statement of particulars especially a statement prescribing materials dimensions and quality of work for something to be built installed or manufactured it is an explicit set of requirement to be satisfied by a material product or service the technical specification may be developed privately for example by a corporation regulatory body or it may be developed by standard organization which often have most diverse input and usually develop voluntary standards the word specification merely refers to the
act of to state explicitly or in detail or to be specific a specification may refer to a type of technical standard and service or maintained as specification specifies the condition of a system or object after years of operation including the effects of wear and maintenance specifications may also refer to technical standards which may be developed by any various kinds of organizations both public and private example organization types include a corporation a consortium a trade association a national government including its military regulatory agencies and national laboratories and institutes a professional association a purpose-made standards organization such
as ISO or vendor-neutral developed generic requirements thesis and recitations a thesis or dissertation is a scholarly document submitted in support of candidates for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings in some context the word thesis or a cognate is used for part of a bachelor's or master's course by dissertation is normally applied to a doctorate while in other contexts the reverse is true the term graduate thesis is sometimes used to refer to both master's thesis and doctoral dissertations dissertation synthesis may be considered to be grey literature the required complexity and
or quality of research of a thesis or dissertation can vary by country university or program therefore the required minimum study period may vary significantly in duration laboratory notebooks a laboratory notebook is a primary record of research researchers use a lab notebook to document the hypothesis experiments and initial analysis or interpretation of experiments the notebook serves as an organizational tool a memory aid and can also have a role in protecting any intellectual property that comes from the research the guidelines for lab notebooks vary widely between institution and between individual labs but some guidelines are fairly common
the lab notebook is typically permanently bound and pages are numbered the lab notebook is usually written as the experiments progress rather than at a later date in many laboratories it is the original place of record of data as well as any observations or insights for data recorded by other means the lab notebook will record that the data was obtained and the identification of the data set will be given in the notebook many adhere to the concept that a lab notebook should be thought of as a diary of activities that are described in sufficient detail to
allow another scientist to replicate the steps in laboratories with several staff and a common laboratory notebook entries in the notebook assigned by those making them memorandum a memorandum is an informal written brief note record reminder or summary used as a means of communication or to outline the terms of an agreement in its draft stage a Memorandum can have only a certain number of formats it may have a format specific to an office or institution in law specifically a memorandum is a record of the terms of a transaction or contract such as a policy memo Memorandum
of Understanding memorandum of agreement or memorandum of Association alternative formats include memos briefing notes reports letters or binders they could be one place long or many they may be considered as grey literature minutes of meetings minutes also known as protocols or informally notes are the instant written record of a meeting or hearing they typically describe the events of the meeting starting with a list of attendees a statement of the issues considered by the participants and related responses or decisions for the issues minutes may be created during the meeting by a typist or reporter who may
use shorthand notation and then prepare the minutes and issue them to the participants afterwards alternatively the meeting can be audio recorded video recorded or groups appointed or informally assigned secretary may take notes with minutes prepared later many government agencies use minutes recording software to record and prepare all minutes in real time sources of information are often considered primary secondary or tertiary depending on their originality and proximity of when it was created primary sources are original materials they are from the time period involved and have not been filtered through interpretation or evaluation they are original materials
on which other research is based they're usually the first formal appearance of bristles in physical print or electronic format they present original thinking reporter discovery or share new information now let us try to answer the following questions what is a primary source of information what is a patent what is a specification what is reporter what is a memorandum here are some references for further reading information sources and services PhD Kumar be a publishing corporation Delhi www.elllo.org / using primary sources / MLA dot HTML HTTP / guides dot library dot you see AC dot edu /
primary secondary hope the session on primary sources was useful for you see you next time until then bye [Music] [Music] you
