hi how are things? How are you doing? Welcome to a new anatomical video from this your favorite anatomy channel easy anatomy by Juan José Sánchez.
Today I bring you a video about the nuclei at the base of the brain, the base of the brain specifically, these nuclei are also called basal ganglia, so you can find them in the literature with both names . Very well, without anything else to add, we are going to start first with a small diagram talking about what these nuclei of the base are, in some books that add other nuclei, however I will not talk about the nuclei that are related to the telencephalon, in some Other books add to the amygdaloid body, they add to the subthalamic nuclei, but really these do not basically enter into the description of the nuclei of the base; We are going to talk basically about two nuclear groups, we are going to talk first about the famous striatum, which is the largest, let's say as such in terms of the number of structures it has, and then we will talk about the famous cloister, claustrum or antemuro. We are going to see that this striatum is made up of three nuclei in turn and one of those three nuclei, which is the lenticular nucleus, is in turn made up of three smaller nuclei, so notice that it is a classification of basal nuclei, very good, How important is it to study these basal nuclei?
Look at this cross section of the brain, since up to now we have studied the cerebral cortex as gray matter, we see that in the gray matter there is quite a contrast with the central part of the telencephalon, which is white nervous matter, but there are some complexes that are neurons , grouped groups of neurons that are gray matter that are, let's say, a bridge between the cerebral cortex and the rest of the structures of the central nervous system, precisely those are then the agglomerations of the nuclei of the base as well as the thalamus but we are going to study the thalamus in another separate video, what I want you to know is that they are formations of gray substances that are found inside the thickness of the brain but very close to the base of the brain and from there they derive their name . Let's see then the anatomy of each of these ganglia, but before you don't go away from the video [Music] it is important that you subscribe to the channel down here where you see that it says subscribe, click on it and you will automatically be subscribed to the most of 220 anatomy videos and we continue to grow, if there is any video that you do not find, you can leave it in the comments because I always read them and take them into account when making the following videos. So we had talked about there being two large nuclear complexes, first we had the striatum, which you see was indicated in green by the number of structures there are, what we see here medial, which is also an agglomerate of gray matter and is the thalamus, Remember that this is an axial cut, okay?
or a transversal or horizontal cut as you want to say, this is this part that we see here is a cut at a level a little higher and here the cut is a little bit lower level, very good? and the second part that we are going to talk about is the cloister or also called antemuro, it is another good one that we are going to see, not shaded, it is another agglomerate of gray substance that is part of the nuclei of the base, this striatum, for its part. I showed you in the diagram that it was made up of three nuclei, we were talking first about the caudate nucleus that I am pointing out to you there, you will say: but you are pointing out two professor, well it is because you are going to see that the caudate nucleus really looks like a snake, it is long, then in different cuts, especially when they are cuts in the frontal direction or in the axial direction, we are going to see that it is in two parts of the cut, now we are going to see it this way in another image, then we are going to see the lenticular nucleus that was the which was divided into three, I don't know if you remember in the diagram, but basically this conglomerate that you see there as a nucleus and finally we will talk about the nucleus accumbens which we are not going to see in this image but in a special image when it is our turn to talk of the.
First we are going to develop the caudate nucleus. I remind you that this is before so that you do not get lost and this is posterior, that is, this is frontal and this is occipital, then the caudate nucleus has the shape of a horseshoe, it is really like a C, if with an anterior concavity, that is, the opening is facing anteriorly and this horseshoe or C is curved He does it around the thalamus, yes? It is one of the main structures around which this famous caudate nucleus is wound, so to speak.
Very important about it is the close relationship it has with the lateral ventricles. Notice, for example, the anterior part that we are going to see right now that It is the head of this caudate nucleus that forms the lateral wall of the frontal horn and the atrium of the lateral ventricle, which is this cavity that you see here, while we are going to see what towards the posterior part very close to where the tail is we are going to see which is closely related to the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle, so related that it forms its roof, perhaps in this image you see it a little anterior instead of forming the roof but in another image that I will show you later you will see how The tail actually forms the roof of that temporal horn of the lateral ventricle, so see that in addition to being closely related to the thalamus, as I call it, this caudate nucleus is closely related to the lateral ventricle, in fact we are going to see this lateral view, there you He pointed to the caudate nucleus, what you see up here is what we saw right now as the head and this and downwards, towards the tip is what is called the tail, see that finally the caudate nucleus ends up practically connecting with the amygdaloid body, which we will not talk about in This video of that amygdaloid body, this is a view from medial to lateral, what we see here shaded as a light blue that is lateral to this caudate nucleus and that is precisely the lateral ventricle, so notice how the head is part and the body also forms the lateral wall of that lateral ventricle, in fact we are going to see that it gets inside the lateral ventricle, it practically makes a bulge at the level of the lateral ventricle but we are going to see that, for example, the tail forms rather the roof of the temporal horn, this is the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle, here you can see how it is above the lateral ventricle, what you see here towards the depths is the thalamus, so see how it wraps around the thalamus, while That what you see in blue, what you see a little further away is precisely the lenticular nucleus that we will talk about later, then we continue talking about the caudate nucleus, it has three large portions, one portion, let's say superior anterior, which is the much thicker head. , it is the thickest part in fact of each striatum, remember that these are mirror images, that is, they are found both in the right hemisphere as we are seeing here but we also find the same let's say caudate nucleus in the left hemisphere, then It continues backwards as it narrows with a curvature of inferior concavity and superior convexity around the thalamus, which is the body, and then finally a portion that grabs the concavity anteriorly and goes laterally and anteriorly, which is finally the tail, that is the caudate nucleus itself, look at this image here we see the head, the body and what we see here is the tail reaching the amygdaloid nucleus, what we see in red is the thalamus and what we see in blue is precisely the lenticular nucleus specifically a part of the lenticular nucleus which is the globus pallidus that we will see later, now understanding this image, see here this superior view, this bulge, this is the head of the caudate nucleus, notice that it is here in this section that you can see that this head is made of gray matter and what is the lateral ventricle is what I told you that the bulge in the head practically gets inside the lateral ventricle, here we can see how the head goes backwards , becoming the body and this let's say average elevation What we see below is the thalamus, so you will see how the body is placed above the thalamus, what we see here is gray matter probably because the real book does not name it the lenticular nucleus, yes?
which is in close relationship with the head and body of the caudate nucleus, very good, let's see then that If we could transpolate this location of the head with an image of the base of the brain we will see that it is in close relationship with the anterior perforated substance, that is, if I reached the depths I would go up through the anterior perforated substance and probably could reach the head of this caudate nucleus, let's see that each head of the caudate nucleus is separated, they do not have contact with each other by the septum pellucidum, it is this septum pellucidum, there is a video on my channel talking specifically about it, here we can see it A little bit better, what is here is the septum pellucidum and what we can see at this level, which cannot be seen very well, this would be the head of the caudate nucleus, so see how head to head of the caudate nucleus is separated both through the septum pellucidum and through the cavities of the lateral ventricles, we are going to see that very close to the head, the inner part of the head of this caudate nucleus there is a group of fibers, see that they are gray that connect the caudate nucleus with the lenticular nucleus, then we are going to call these fibers caudolenticular gray bridges, caudo because it comes to the caudate nucleus and lenticular because they go to the lenticular nucleus, you don't know this area that is here but that is what we call the internal capsule, the internal capsule is a conglomerate of white substance that I will explain in another video, what I want you to know is that these gray fibers connect both nuclei and let's say they pass through the internal capsule and it seems that they have striations, in fact due to this form of striations that they have. We call it the striatum because it has those striations that are nothing more than bridges, as I told you, they connect at the head of the caudate nucleus with the lenticular nucleus, very well, here we go a little further back to talk about the body, Remember that in this section you cannot see the head because it is a frontal section and the body was bent above the thalamus. What is this that you see here?
What we see here is the lateral ventricle and we see the body then as it runs superior to the thalamus. and lateral to the lateral ventricle, this body of the caudate nucleus, we are going to see that its upper face is covered by the ependyma of the wall of the lateral ventricle, see that the ependyma is seen here and see how it covers the upper face of the body, we are going to see that its lower face is closely related to the thalamus that we can see and we are going to see that laterally to this body is the famous internal capsule, which is a very important substance of white matter, finally we are going to see the structure called stria terminalis, which is this which is a structure that is closely related to the lateral ventricle and that we are going to see it almost accompanying the body of this caudate nucleus throughout the entire journey, very good, see it in this image, here we can see the body all that you see here It is thalamus, this is lateral ventricle, here we see the ependyma that I told you that in addition to lining the lateral ventricles it is also related to the upper face of the body of the caudate nucleus and we see how it is also related laterally to the internal capsule and inferiorly to the thalamus, this small elevation that you can see there, that is the stria terminalis, also an important relationship with this body of the caudate nucleus, finally the tail that is there, see that in this frontal section we see both things, the tail of this caudate nucleus here You can see how it forms the roof of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle that had been named on several occasions, here in this section we can see the tail again at this level, well here I pointed it out, on the other side we can see the tail of that caudate nucleus and how they finally end up reaching the amygdala body, the famous cerebral amygdala. Very well, now knowing what the striatum is , sorry the caudate nucleus of the striatum, we are going to talk about the lenticular and the accumbens, which are a little shorter, the lenticular nucleus, I told you in the diagram at the beginning that it was a nucleus which was in turn made up of three sub-cores, ok?
We are going to see that when we see a cut in a frontal sense like this but also when we see it in transverse sense has a triangular shape and this triangle precisely has a vertex, see the vertex of the medial and inferior triangle, okay? Where the midline is, then the apex of the lenticular nucleus is medially and inferiorly. What are the three segments of the three nuclei that make up the lenticular nucleus?
I'm going to tell you from the lateral to the medial, first we have lateral to the tip that is a little dark, you see that we are going to notice it a lot because in real life he is darker than the others, yes? It is a darker color, so if we go medial we find the pale globe, but what happens? That globus pallidus is divided into a medial nucleus and a lateral nucleus, so you add the two nuclei of the globus that make up the globus pallidus plus the putamen and make the three nuclei that make up the lenticular nucleus, okay?
then this would be the lateral nucleus of the globus pallidus which is the one that is in contact with the putamen and then we would have the medial nucleus of the globus pallidus which is the one that is in contact with the internal capsule which would be this one that you see here, now when you do its cut and bring it a little closer, let's say the vision inside these three nuclei that make up the lenticular nucleus, we are going to see that they are minimally separated by a line that we are going to call the medullary lamina, but very minimally, it is made of white matter, so we are going to see two medullary laminae, notice, between the putamen and the lateral nucleus of the globus pallidus we are going to have the external medullary lamina, also called lateral medullary lamina, and between the lateral nucleus of the globus pallidus and the medial nucleus of the globus pallidus we are going to see the internal medullary lamina also called medial medullary lamina, the one you see here, why do we call this globus pallidus? because it has a color a little paler, lighter than the putamen, that's why they gave it that name. Very well, let's see that finally the lenticular nucleus, in general, the lateral portion is in contact with this white substance that you see here, which is the famous external capsule, the lower surface, which is this one that you see here, is in contact with the region subthalamic and the nuclei of the sub thalamus, the superomedial face that would be this one here of the triangle is related to the internal capsule as you can notice here, here we see it a little better, internal capsule, superomedial face, inferior face with the sub thalamus and the lateral aspect with the external capsule of internal capsule, external capsule would be this one that you see here.
Very well, let's see that the anterior end of the lenticular nucleus is in contact with the head of the caudate nucleus. Why is it in contact? Because there were some gray bridges there that I already know the names of, which are the famous gray caudo-lenticular bridges that They connect and unite it while its posterior end, remember that we are specifically looking at the globus pallidus, is a little more pointed, which is in red than the thalamus, you cannot forget it.
Finally we will talk about the nucleus accumbens to finish with the striatum and we are going to notice this nucleus accumbens a lot in the most anterior part where the head, let's say of the caudate globe, joins with the putamen, okay? With the puntamen, we are also going to see that it is dorsal to the olfactory tubercle, so in this region where these nuclei, specifically the caudate nucleus and the lenticular nucleus, join towards the anterior part , there we find the famous nucleus accumbes that is closely related to the olfactory tubercle. , very well, finally the second basal nucleus after the striatum was the cloister also called the antemuro, this cloister or antemuro is not really known very well its function, it is a let's say a sheet of gray tissue that is between the lobe of the insula, which we saw in the video of the brain and this lenticular nucleus, then the white substance that separates them from the insula is the extreme capsule, the one you see here; while the white matter that specifically separates them from the putamen of the lenticular nucleus is the external capsule, so it can be said that it is between the external capsule and the extreme capsule, that is the specific location of this cloister or antemuro.
