Can New York keep sewage sludge out of our food system?

Today's environmental connection began on June 12th 2025 just a couple weeks ago when the New York State Senate overwhelmingly passed a bill proposing a 5-year moratorum on spreading sewage sludge Also referred to by some as bioolids as fertilizer on farmland It was a moment of rare bipartisan unity driven by mounting concerns about the contaminants hidden in this widely used fertilizer alternative For decades state and federal officials promoted so-called bioolids as a sustainable solution An inexpensive way they said to recycle nutrientrich waste back into soil It seemed like a recycling win but recent findings have changed

the story dramatically Families living near farms where bioolids are applied discovered forever chemicals in their wellwater and scientists warned that our vegetables could be absorbing toxic residues Momentum behind the moratorum surged as stories surfaced of residents dealing with contaminated wells and unbearable odors New York was poised to join states like Maine and Connecticut which had already banned sludge after finding contaminated milk and poisoned wells But just days after the Senate's approval the bill quietly stalled in the assembly After intense lobbying from industry and municipal interests the moratorum failed to reach the assembly floor for a

vote before the legislation the legislative session ended And today we're going to explore exactly what happened in those crucial final hours and what's really in quote unquote bioolids and what this political struggle means for our environment for public health and communities across New York State Was the failure of the sludge moratorum just a temporary setback or does it signal deeper conflicts between waste management and public health and our climate goals Joining me to discuss that we have a panel of experts who can help us make sense of what this means for our environment our farms

and our communities With us remotely today we have Jang Yun Han my colleague and the Capitol News Bureau reporter for the New York Public News Network Welcome to Environmental Connections Jang Yun Thanks for having me And Dr Murray McBride soil and environmental scientist from Cornell University Welcome to the show Dr McBride Thank you and thank you for having me And joining me in the studio joining me again I should say because she's no stranger to environmental connections is Dr Karen Berger associate professor of earth and environmental sciences at the University of Rochester Welcome back to

Environmental Connections Thanks Delighted to be here And thank you all so much And to our listeners and our viewers on YouTube for being patient with our delayed start today Before we dive into the panel conversation we want to play a report from WXXI's Jang Yun Han who I just introduced She produced this earlier this spring as the state lawmakers were weighing a 5-year pause on the use of sewage sludge Wastewater treatment plants some as far away as Massachusetts have been sending their sludge to New York Yes you heard me right Where it's turned into a

cheap fertilizer and applied to farmland And that sludge contains human waste and anything else that gets flushed or washed down the drain And while some farmers see that as costeffective others including a growing number of legislators have raised serious concerns So Jang Yun takes us to a small town outside Albany where a father noticed something strange coming from his kids' showers Here's that report It was raining when I stopped by Ryan Dunham's house in New Scotland There's a streak of foggy mist covering the miles of treeine Want me to grab an umbrella The rain doesn't

bode well for Dunham His house sits on top of limestone rough rocks and tough soil So you can imagine any any sort of liquid that goes in there is going to go straight down and into his water well His family found that out the hard way back in late May last year while his kids were taking a shower The next thing I know and I'm in the house and my 11-year-old's screaming from the bathroom and I come upstairs and the water's brown Dunham got his water tested immediately and the Department of Health told me that

our levels of EC coli and caulifform tested uh 200 times beyond safe levels as recommended by the EPA Around the same time the farm across the road from Dunham's house began applying sewage sledge onto the fields Some companies market the stuff as bioolids but whatever you call it state lawmakers are asking the question should sewage sludge be used as fertilizer on New York's farmlands Basically sewage sledge is human waste instead of animal waste used as fertilizer The state department of environmental conservation has even recommended the state more than double how much bioolids are spread on

farm fields and parks But here's the thing about sewage sludge It's not just human waste from the toilet We have a sewer system that pretty much admits just about anything that gets thrown in there That's Marie McBride He's an ameritus professor at Cornell University's College of Agriculture and Life Sciences His research is focused on the other stuff that gets flushed too like heavy metals and chemicals from factories and industrial waste where we're talking about hundreds and thousands of persistent chemicals McBride and other researchers say pharmaceuticals pathogens and other toxic compounds end up in sewage sledge

and at concerning levels Some of them are bioaccumulative in livestock And so we have a pathway now of exposure of humans to toxic chemicals from the soil to livestock to humans Those risks are prompting some lawmakers to propose a statewide pause on sewage sledge application Our farmland should not be a dumping ground for our waste That's Anna Kellis She's an assembly member from Ithaca and has a doctorate in nutritional epidemiology She co-wrote a bill which would stop the spread of bioolids for 5 years She says that hopefully the state will eventually study the impact of

bioolids on New York's land and the animals and people that live there To be clear this is not a straight out ban This is saying okay we need to understand how bad things are and when we identify that we need to start intervening Other states have already banned the application of bioolids on land Maine implemented an outright ban after they conducted studies and found traces of PAS that were found in bioolids ultimately ended up in dairy milk And there were some farms where the accumulation was so high that those farms were shuttered permanently and that

soil it's forever chemicals and it'll be thousands of years of you know contamination But some towns are not too eager about the bill I think it's terrible because on on so many levels So Rick Connealy oversees the town of Webster's wastewater treatment plant system I think they're jumping in too deep to say we're just going to cut it off while we study Webster is revamping their water treatment plant by 2026 so that they can produce bioolids The state even gave Webster $20 million to help out with the project Kimy says the issue is that factories

put out industrial waste that include toxic components and there should be more regulations on them So to put regulations on us that really we can't do anything about I mean it it's counterproductive to me Sewage sledge also solve a few tricky problems that the state's currently facing For one landfills are so overrun the state will probably run out of space for them within about 20 years according to the DEEC That makes it incredibly expensive for municipalities to dump their waste there But Connealy says there's also an environmental consideration He says the logic is if the

state diverts this waste from landfills New York could also potentially recycle it back into the earth full circle So those nutrients that we' be putting back to the earth help grow product that the cows would be eating on But even Webster's bioolids aren't without potentially harmful contaminants Canaly told me the PFOS levels of Webster's bioolids were at 3.7 micrograms per kilogram but the EPA wrote in a draft risk assessment that there may be human health risks if just one microgram of PFOS is found in bioolids There's only about a week left for lawmakers to vote

on the bill before the legislative session ends And Denim is anxiously waiting to see what lawmakers do Albany County where he lives has implemented a moratorum on the application of bioolids but the pause will expire by the end of this year I'm still worried about my 11-year-old She's in the shower singing Taylor Swift and I all I can think about is what water is she ingesting in her body and how many forever chemicals are in there But Dunham says he's encouraged Other places like Scary County and even some towns have temporarily banned the practice And

Dunham says he hopes the state will follow their lead Reporting from New Scotland I'm Jung Yun Han for the New York Public News Network And for those just joining us you're listening to Environmental Connections here on WXXI Capital reporter Jang Yun Han has been following the legislation from the start So Jang Yun I want to begin with how the bill picked up steam It had support in the Senate backing from environmental groups and even farmers who wanted clearer data Tell us that story Yeah I should first note that originally the bill was meant to do

much more than it had proposed It was supposed to do three things One implement a 5-year moratorum Two establish a statewide study about how bioolids sewage sledge have impacted New York's land And then third establish a plan a funding system to support farmers if their land had been harmed because of the use of bioelics But lawmakers in the Senate were able to get support and back just one of the proposals which would be the 5-year moratorum So that measure passed in the Senate 48 to11 with broad bipartisan support for the most part and it was

on track to be on a set of bills that were considered non-controversial so that it would be passed with relatively few bumps um in the assembly because it needs both chambers approval to actually reach governor Kathy Hokll's desk for a signature But in the last few days the impression that I got and you know environmental advocates also got was that waste companies started to pick up on the fact that oh this might actually become law Um they didn't really realize that it had gotten and built support among lawmakers So in the final few days a

lot of waste companies and trade representatives and municipalities really had a forceful lobbying push to say that this should not take place And so ultimately it did not even get a floor vote So what explanations if if any did lawmakers give for not moving the bill forward I should say it it's kind of unclear how much support uh the bill had in the assembly There was a a small minority of lawmakers though in the assembly that did ask for it to be laid aside That doesn't really necessarily reflect if all lawmakers in the assembly were

for it or against it It's too hard to say But the ones who were opposed to it um basically gave a costdriven argument to to suggest and push for this bill to not get a floor vote for it to be laid aside They were speaking on behalf of local municipalities that are responsible for shipping off their sewage all of their waste to landfills And um the argument that they made was that it would just be too expensive to have to send more waste to landfills because they were saying that you know if we if municipalities

were able to convert some of the sewage sludge that raw waste into bioolids it could be repurposing and lowering the amount of waste that they ultimately have to send to landfills thereby saving some money Um and their argument was that having a five-year moratorum would leave municipalities stranded in terms of trying to figure out how to make up for the cost of sending effectively more waste to landfills And you've reported that lobbying played a significant role behind the scenes So who were the the key players and what kinds of arguments and tactics did they use

Yeah Um there are several large waste companies that uh have contracts to with farmers here in the state to to put their sewage sledge and spread it on their farm fields Uh there are also contracts about which which companies can take waste from other parts of the country and bring it into New York and then also take waste from downstate New York up to upstate New York to spread waste there or put in landfills upstate Um some of those companies include Cassella and Denali And um I heard from environmental advocates that in the final few

days of uh lobbying that Cassella and some other you know trade reps within the waste company management ecosystem had come to push for some more lobbying um and making this costdriven argument in the final days of session And there are a cluster of waste companies that operate in New York As you just said I want to add that we did send out some invitations for them to join us on this show as well as to the DEEC We did not hear back So how much influence do these companies have in New York's waste infrastructure and

regulation June given just how closely the waste companies have to work with local municipalities to the figure out landfill space I think it's like a pretty even level of influence that local municipalities have along with larger waste companies Um and I think a big dynamic that is shaping all of this is that the state's department of environmental correction or uh conservation that's the DEC excuse me they've you know directed the state to actually increase the use of bioolids and application um basically doubling the amount of that within the next couple decades and they are aware

of the fact that the state is running out of landfill space and that's something that local municipalities and waste companies are very keenly and uh acutely aware of and so I think that's the pressure and landfill ecosystem dynamics that are shaping the strains that municipalities were worried that they would have to take on and that was the dynamic that we saw play out in the last few days of session just one more question before we move to Dr McBride Now that the session is over are supporters regrouping Do we expect a new version of this

legislation to surface next session I think lawmakers will still make the point that the state needs to study how much New York's lands have been impacted and that one also that they the state should ban temporarily at least the usage of sewage sledge because they will make the point that there may be cost uh cost issues for having less waste going to landfill or more waste going to landfills but that there would be enormous cost down the line if it turns out that land that farmers had been using have been permanently damaged or very excessively

damaged And that that is an enormous cause for the state to have to figure out of how to recoup that land should that happen And so I think lawmakers might try to hone in on that argument and figure out some way to provide some relief to municipalities if it turns out that they can't you know divert some of the waste from landfills by turning them into bioolids Jung Yun Han hang on the line because I'm sure we'll have more questions for you But fantastic reporting in Albany And I I'll give you a a shameless shout

out that uh that Jang Yunhan along with Jimmy Valkind do a report that we air on weekend edition every weekend mostly every weekend I would say where you're just sort of giving the state of Albany and what's been happening legislatively this past week So I encourage people to tune in So I want to turn to Dr McBride And I must tell you Dr McBride that I promised my wife I would not mention that our poodle is named Murray I will not call you a good boy I promise I'll stay focused You are doing so much

incredible work And I I heard you in Jung Yun's report there I want to ask while the legislative debate centers on policy much of the concern comes down to science So specifically what is it like what's actually in the sludge and and how does it move through the environment I'm I'm curious if you could really break it down for us Well okay I mean the sludge uh the sewage sludge or also called bioolids is roughly 50% organic matter although admittedly some of that organic matter may well be microlastics That hasn't been worked out but there's

a lot of microplastics in this material uh but the contaminants the other contaminants besides microplastics of concern there's a wide range of them I worked on the toxic metals for many years a long time ago um those heavy metals like cadmium lead etc are still there although at lower concentrations than in the early days of applying these sludges to farms uh but now we have a very wide range of synthetic organic chemicals that range from plasticizers to flame retardants brominated flame retardants phosphate flame retardants We have the PAS chemicals of course which are getting all

of the attention right now And then we have various biocides like tricloan from biocidal soap and pharmaceuticals of all kinds So we're talking about many thousands of different chemicals some of which are very resistant to decomposition uh in soil So that's why some of them are called forever chemicals Um and then on top of that we have pathogens And depending on whether we're talking about class A or class B sludge the pathogens include bacteria bacterial pathogens viruses and parasites So that's a quick description of some of the things we have to be worried about besides

besides the PASS chemicals which as I said are getting a lot of press For our listeners I'm talking to Dr Murray McBride who as you heard in Jung Yun's feature is a professor ameritus in environmental sciences at Cornell University and he has long studied the impacts of sewage sludge So you've been sounding the alarm on this for years Dr McBride what evidence do we have either in New York or elsewhere that quote unquote bioolids can cause real harm to ecosystems or animals or public health Well there there are numerous let's say case studies uh I

guess some people would call them anecdotal because these are not replicated studies of of livestock illness livestock deaths Um the other issue of course is people getting very sick and this is an ongoing problem I don't know how many different individuals I've talked to and met um in different parts of the country both in the US and Canada um people living adjacent to these application sites getting very sick So we know that not only do these materials smell bad very bad uh but they give off bioerosols um depending on wind Um this means people are

exposed to pathogens These are neighbors adjacent to land application sites and they're exposed to endotoxins which are quite often pieces of dead microbes But basically there's there can be a very strong allergic reaction in in many people who can get very sick Um so then of course nobody is monitoring what's in the groundwater underneath these application sites So we don't have a lot of evidence direct evidence of groundwater contamination We have some um but not many studies have been done Okay Well let's get those studies done right I mean you've been working on this for

so long this must drive you nuts Let me ask you something Dr McBride If bioolids use were let's say halted tomorrow how difficult would it be to clean up what's already in the ground Okay Well on the heavy metal side um it's pretty much impossible People talk about using phyto remediation That is using plants to pull these metals out of the soil Uh that works to some degree with a few for a few heavy metals but not for the whole suite of heavy metals that we actually have in sludges Um and it's also very slow

Uh it's not that expensive to do but it's very slow So you know what farmer is going to want to have his his or her farm set aside for 20 years to pull you know to pull cadmium out of the soil Um now having said that as I said before the heavy metal problem is less of an issue now than it was 30 years ago when I first started uh getting acquainted with this problem because back in those days and I won't mention the towns but there were some sludges that had levels of cadmium that

were so high that they literally destroyed farmland Wow That the land could not be used for for growing crops food crops anymore And you really can't get those metals out in any in any uh feasible way Now as far as these synthetic organics I mentioned like the PAS chemicals some of those leech to some degree but a lot of them stay with the organic matter in the soil And there's no known way to remediate those soils once once that happens And remember they're forever chemicals So we're talking about losing these soils at least for food

production or animal or for livestocks uh for many decades So okay well I know that supporters of the moratorum have described it as a pause not a ban So from a scientific standpoint even assuming it it had passed would a five-year moratorum be a meaningful window for research or remediation at all Well it would but only if we had some if only if there was some way to do the research And for example at this point as far as I know we don't really know how badly contaminated farms in New York State are with the

PASS chemicals That's a fairly expensive test to do on soil You would need quite a bit of res you would need resources to do that study Now in in for example in the state of Maine they have done a fairly systematic study of farms where they knew sludges were sludges were applied over the years and um have shown that in fact those farms that were applying sludges had much higher PAS levels Um we need to do those kind of studies here to see where we are in New York State I I don't exactly know how

many thousands of acres have actually received sludges but I know it's thousands of acres Um and it would be really useful to know what levels of contamination are there Now what would that lead to I'm not sure but at least we would know what where we're heading And maybe it's not in a good direction Well I'm going to hang on to the bit of hope for how something got better in the last 30 years that that I mean maybe my bar is too low but one more question for you Dr McBride before I talk to

Dr Karen Berger Opponents argue that land filling or incineration are worse alternatives to get rid of sewage sludge So what are the tradeoffs both environmentally and economically when considering other waste disposal options Yeah Well those other options are not are not very um attractive options admittedly but are they worse than actually putting chemicals on the farmland where we grow our food Um I don't think so Uh now landfilling yeah you're going to end up having leech coming out of these landfills containing all range of chemicals some of which I've mentioned Um so you have to

deal with the lee and then um incineration which is often done um solves some problems of course it destroys all the pathogens destroys all of the organic chemicals synthetic organics with the exception I guess of pas which is a problem Um so if someone comes up with a way to destroy the PAS in an incineration uh process that would be helpful but there are other thermal methods like gasification that are being used in certain parts of the world and those need some more research that is these are high temperature methods that would uh basically destroy

all of the organic chemicals and uh could if proper ly designed I think could also deal with the PAS chemicals Okay So there there is potentially hope I'm going to like I said I'm going to continue to hold on to that For those just tuning in I'm Jasmine Singer You're listening to Environmental Connections Today we're discussing the controversy surrounding sewage sludge also referred to as bioolids by some and whether New York should limit its use on farmland I am being joined by WXXI journalist Jung Yun Han Dr Murray McBride from Cornell who you just heard

from and Dr Karen Berger from the University of Rochester So Karen let's turn to you You study ecosystems and water quality and climate So let's zoom out a bit How does the bioolids debate intersect with larger sustainability and climate action goals Good question It really does align with several climate goals in that we want to send less waste to landfills because in New York State for example about 12% of our greenhouse gas emissions come from the waste sector We also want to reduce fossil fuel use and a lot of synthetic fertilizers are made from fossil

fuels So on the surface it looks like it aligns perfectly We can repurpose this waist stream um to use as a fertilizer take advantage of the nutrients that are contained within it Um the big caveat there is that it contains other things as well and as we're seeing there are serious risks to human and environmental health Um and we haven't understood those well and they haven't been well controlled So it's a good example of where I think some of the climate intentions mask some of the other risks that we're facing here And some advocates say

that we need to treat waste as a resource not just a liability But I mean ew And could this be an example of a climate friendly solution that unintentionally created new environmental challenges Yeah absolutely I mean I I would agree with a statement that in general we want to see how we can repurpose waste You know we take wine bottles and convert them into sand for sandbags or things like that Um but this is a particularly challenging one because we're taking that waste and we're putting it into the environment and in the environment it is

eventually going to come back to impacting us through our air through our water through our soil through our food And so the challenge here is that I think when it was being promoted um really starting in the 1990s when we stopped being able to dump our sewage sludge into the oceans um people said didn't think about the unintended consequences here And so what we're seeing is that we have a history of really f assuming things are safe until we prove otherwise And that is a principle that has led us in many ways to harmful impacts

And this is a case of that One of uh the technicians just wrote on our our shared channel bioolids And I think that that's what a lot of people are thinking right now The the New York State DEEC had a long-term plan to expand bioolids use So how do agencies navigate conflicting priorities like waste reduction and public health protection when these goals collide It's a tricky balance and I think part of it is not always looking for the information about all of the risks that we've known about Um you know so it's both the DEEC

and the federal government have been promoting this even though 3M one of the producers of PAS chemicals told the EPA in 2003 that these were being found in sewage sledge And it wasn't until the 2020s that the EPA studied it and came up with with evidence that that rates of one part per billion could be harmful And so I think that's a good example of if we don't have the information then sometimes we make poor decisions that lead us into harmful situations So from a a hydraology standpoint how might climate change particularly increased rainfall and

extreme weather I think maybe both of which you joined me to discuss here on environmental connections how might that affect the risk of contaminants from bioolids or sewage sludge spreading through water systems That's a really good question because the the ways in which this sludge can get into our water systems are that if you have heavy rains it can um cause runoff that takes it from the surface into waterways It can also increase the rate at which it infiltrates into the soil and gets into our groundwater Um and we are we have already been seeing

and are projected to continue to see increases in these heavy rains I was glad to see that the DEEC does have standards about where this can be applied It's not supposed to be in in flood hazard zones or too close to um on steep slopes that would that would decrease that risk But we're seeing that those where we've had floods in the past is not necessarily where we're going to have floods in the future And so we need to be cognizant of that when we're thinking about how to do this response if we're going to

do this how we do it responsibly There's been a lot of discussion around quote unquote impacted communities Now listen I'm not going to jump on the joke I want to jump on here I'm gonna let people think it I'm not going to say it So do certain populations face a higher burden from bioolids use or or from alternatives like incineration Yeah So in terms of the bioolids it's really the rural communities that are adjacent to the farmland where this is being applied who might rely on for example well water from a private well or a

municipal well Um we're also going to see more risks if it's an area where people rely more heavily on food that they produce locally Um you know the EPA said "We don't worry about in general about the food supply because we get our food from diverse sources." But if you are getting all of your eggs and milk from what you produce on your own farm then you're going to be at higher risk Um I think there's less of a risk for people in urban communities or physically further away from those spots All right Question that

might be self-s serving You just used eggs and milk as the example but would people who don't eat animal products still have the same risk for ingesting this In general I would say probably lower because it hasn't accumulated as much through the food chain Um you can you can still potentially see some getting into crops but the the risks that are considered higher tend to be from animal products more Fascinating Okay Karen if you had to recommend a balanced approach for handling sewage sludge going forward would it look like this bill Would it would it

be something different Um it would certainly look something like this bill I think we absolutely need to stop the process until we understand what the current situation is I don't know if five years is what we need And Dr McBride brought up a really good point about how many resources will be required but I think we absolutely need to assess the extent of this contamination on farmland It's about 30,000 acres in New York State where sewage sledge has been applied Once we do that then we need to set a strict standard the way some states

have done If we're going to do it what concentration levels are acceptable What's the rate at which we're going to do it And we need to continue to monitor that Um ideally we would also potentially increase setbacks from residences and wells so that you don't have things like were talked about in that story that we heard earlier in the show Um possibly sub kind of subsidies for farmers if they have to buy more expensive fertilizer And I would also want to see this might not be part of the bill but I would like to see

it attached is thinking of other ways to reduce pressure on landfills Right This is not the only material going into landfills if they're using the argument that it's gonna get expensive to send this to landfills Let's think about how to extend the life of those landfills Love it Dr Burgerer hang out for just a moment I'd like to bring our other guests back into the conversation for our remaining few minutes Dr McBride given what we've heard so far the the stalled legislation the growing body of research and the need for practical waste management would you

say there's a middle ground like what what might a a realistic compromise look like between an outright ban on on bioolids and the status quo Um yes I'm trying to think uh there of course bioolids switch ledgers have been used um in actual scenarios of remediating really badly uh degraded land um because they do they do provide the nutrients they do provide as I said the organic matter um in for example old min areas and so on and it has been used that way and at least you're not in I mean There there could be

some concerns there too but at least you're not directly putting it on land where food crops are grown or where livestock are are being raised So there's that Um I don't know if I don't know if that would be sufficient to utilize all of the bioolids that are being produced But the other thing I would get get at is is whether or not these are actually being these these sewage ledges are actually being applied even according to DEEC rules because I I have my own experience with this Um let's see um Dr Burgerer mentioned that

DEEC requires that application not be done on steep land And in fact application does occur on steep land I know that full well Haven't seen it And there you have the potential for uh runoff and contamination of streams and rivers In addition I think the application rates are often are often rather high and the result is you get phosphorous buildup in the soil So I mean backing off to something more maybe more responsible application rates that are much lower would produce less of these problems Although again the problem is do you have enough acreage then

to dispose of the amount of sewage sludge being produced by for example New York City Well I need to uh I need to tell our listeners that unfortunately this this episode is going to be cut a little bit short just because we began with the live coverage of the uh of the presidential uh speech So I want to turn to Jung Jung Yun to close us out Jung Yun thank you for being so patient Let's look beyond New York for just a moment So Maine took decisive action enacting the nation's first statewide ban on the

use of sludge as fertilizer Really quickly what practical lessons can we take from states like Maine both in terms of science and politics Yeah So they passed that uh ban in 2022 and uh they what led to the state to come to that decision was they actually did tests uh on farmland in Maine and they went to dairy farms in particular to see if that bioaccumulation issue that uh Dr McBride and Dr Burgerer talked about if that was playing any role in in having PAS or other contaminants show up in dairy milk And after those

tests they found that that was the case for some of the farms And so that was a concrete proof that I think uh animated and catalyzed the lawmakers there to really pass that bill And I think it maybe things might become a different conversation if and when New York comes to do those tests themselves But I'll also leave one last thing which is that real while there isn't a while there isn't a statewide ban some localities have taken um temporary bans in their towns and counties including Alb County and Skuhair County So there's things that

local communities can do I love it Ending on something hopeful Thanks to our guests today and to you our listeners for making today's environmental connections [Music] [Music] This program is a production of WXXI Public Radio The views expressed do not necessarily represent those of this station its staff management or underwriters The broadcast is meant for the private use of our audience Any rebroadcast or use in another medium without expressed written consent of WXXI is strictly prohibited Connections with Evan Dawson is available as a podcast Just click on the connections link at wxxnews.org Support for your

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