here are the letters the Romans gave us and here are the countries whose languages derive from Latin today they cover half the World As for the ancient Romans the boundaries of their state encompassed their entire civilization the Roman peace or Pax Romana serves as the first example of globalization let's take a walk across 12 centuries of the Roman history and yes those numerals are also a Roman Legacy [Music] what is Rome a city on Seven Hills capital of Italy but that is today and 2,000 years ago there it is another thousand years ago there a
tiny tribal settlement of the Latins by the river Tyber how did this manage to conquer the world first it was lucky with its neighbors to the north the atrans of modern Tuscan a mysterious people whose language has never been fully deciphered to the South Greek colonies these peoples all traded with each other it was at the crossroads of their trade routes that Rome appeared from the very start Rome has been an open City a safe haven for outcasts murderers runaway slaves Rome offered migrants a unique opportunity to become fully fledged citizens this will make Rome
the largest metropolitan city of the ancient world the Romans themselves believed they were descendants of refugees from the Middle East who had survived the Trojan War Romulus and Remis were the great grandchildren of the Trojan hero anas nursed by an Italian She Wolf the brothers quarreled where to sight the future world Capital Romulus killed Remis gave his name to the city and became its first ruler as Legend has it there were seven Kings Each of which enjoyed a lengthy Reign and left some beneficial Legacy a calendar a SE system or the capitolium a temple to
the senior God Jupiter much of what the Romans later became famous for aqueducts Bridges perhaps even the gladiatorial games were borrowed from the atrans this people had invented the Latin alphabet by adapting the Greek letters for their own needs it's not surprising that their last kings were at truscan Rome borrowed her military and government organization from them while maintaining her Stern patriarchal Simplicity in 509 Rome was shaken by a sex candle the son of King tan the proud raped the chased lucrecia ton was expelled making him the last king of Rome the Romans decided to
prevent any such concentration of power ever again from 509 onwards they elected two consuls to serve a year of Peace instead of a monarch the consuls were controlled by the Senate this consisted of 300 fathers patrus in Latin hence the term patricians those not so lucky to be born into the right families joined the plebs even if they were as rich as patricians they were not entitled to take up positions in the state it is in the 200e struggle for these rights that the Republic literally meaning public thing will be formed the pans would make
up the backbone of the army and to have their own way they would threaten the fledgling state with immigration to a neighboring Hill each time the scared patricians caved in introducing for instance the special position of a representative or Tribune of the plebians these had the right to veto any decisions of the consols one of the main achievements of the plug was the publication of the first written laws by 287 BC the pans had achieved complete equality rights with the patricians the unity of Rome found its best expression in the formula Sonata papus Romanus the
Senate and the Roman people which still adorns the manhole covers in [Applause] Rome in 390 BC the history of Rome could have come to an end the city was unexpectedly taken by the GS the guard dogs had sensed no danger for which they would be crucified every year since geese awoke the last Protectors of the capitaline Hill Fortress instead saving Rome from complete destruction the shaken Romans conducted a military reform the Roman legion was divided into manipula making it more Mobile in battle the Roman army spent the next 100 years in constant Wars instead of
Simply imposing a tribute on the conquered the Romans would enter into a treaty of alliance with them and the loyal allies Supply Rome with a NeverEnding stream of recruits thanks to this the Roman Legions were able to stand their ground in b battle with the most efficient fighting force of the time the all conquering Macedonian phallic led by pus a relative of Alexander the Great the last stronghold of resistance in ital the Greek city of taranum then hired the most costly and celebrated contemporary warlord of the time to defend against Roman expansion having conquered Tarentum
and reach Sicily Rome now had to take on a much more dangerous adversary Carthage lord of the Mediterranean the Romans called the Phoenicians of Carthage Punic hence the Punic Wars they were fought over the next 100 years in 149 BC Rome had taken the greater part of Punic territory and that of their allies but after each defeat the trading power of Carthage would rapidly recover Senator Kato the Elder began to finish every speech with the same refrain Carthage must be destroyed and so it was done the city was wiped out all of its population was
enslaved allegedly plowing salt into the Earth as an eternal curse also in 146 BC the Romans wiped out another city Corinth making Greece and Macedonia Roman provinces Rome appropriated the Colossal Riches of the disintegrating Empire of Alexander but the patriarchal Simplicity of Rome succumbed to the sophisticated Greek culture Greek became in effect a second state language the Roman ability busied itself learning new words hexam history rhetoric Cicero the most famed orator of Rome would come to model his speeches on those of the Greek demosthenes however across this immense territory four rights were only afforded to
the Romans themselves even other Italians the majority of the military had no citizenship rights these would demand equality declare war and win the right to take part in managing the state this was a total GameChanger while ancient Greece remained a collection of squabbling city states Rome gradually extended citizenship rights to the conquered laying down the bases for an [Music] Empire having conquered half the world Rome fell victim to globalization cheap grain and an inflow of unpaid slave labor bankrupted the small farmers these rushed into the cities and joined the ranks of the proletarian it those
who have nothing to lose except their own offspring at the same time the rich grew a 100 times richer having bought Land from the ruined peasants for a song previously United the Senate and the Roman people split into two hostile camps the tribunes of the people the grai brothers would try to reconcile them they proposed granting excessed public lands to the impoverished peasants and suggested free distributions of bread to the poor the disgruntled Senators decided decided to suppress the gratti movement by force killing the brothers and several thousand of their allies Rome was gripped by
Civil Wars social Mobility for the proletariat was offered by gas Marius a popular General he began enrolling the proletariat into the army with a promise of a grant of land at the end of service this would make the legions personally devoted to their Generals in 49 BC two outstanding generals fought over Rome gas pompus had won the Eastern provinces for Rome including Restless Judea cleared the Mediterranean of piracy defeated Sparta's slave revolt and justifiably added the title great to his name gas Julius Caesar had conquered Gaul nowadays they would call it genocide he butchered a
million Gs and enslaved as many more he went on to defeat the Germans and then invad invaded Britain according to the law a general had to dismiss his Legions before returning to Rome and in return have his moment of Glory a triumphal entry into the capital to the Applause of the citizens Caesar performed a hitherto unseen maneuver he refused to submit to the Senate and having crossed the Italian border the river Rubicon marched his Legions to Rome it would take him several years to defeat pompy the great and his other Rivals pitching Roman legance against
each other in the process Caesar annexed new territories and gave Cleopatra the Egyptian Throne after a romantic Cruise along the Nile she would give birth to cerion or Little Caesar on his return Caesar would add imperator or Emperor to his name titled originally meaning Victorious commander and gain control of all political positions Consul tribun of the people and dictator rumors spread that Caesar wanted to declare himself King conspiracy was brewing in the Senate and Caesar was assassinated Caesar left his wealth quite unexpectedly for all concerned to his Grand nephew 19-year-old gas Octavius this Octavian immediately
joined in the power struggle in 31 BC he defeated his last rival the warlord Mark Anthony who likewise had an affair with Cleopatra the lovers would take their own lives Octavian was left so ruler of a vast [Music] territory Julius Caesar ruled for 4 years Octavian assuming the title Augustus meaning the venerable or the great ruled for an endless 43 years he didn't formally abolish the Republic he simply took control of all possible positions making his power almost absolute but he modestly called himself prps the first Senator and even though skirmishes with barbarians continued along
the borders inside them the period of pxr set in a period of peace and stability that was to last 200 years the Empire experienced an economic upswing bread was distributed for free to 200,000 people on Augustus orders a 500 M Basin was dug at the very center of the capital where 3,000 Gladiators mimic sea battles on real sea vessels in Rome construction was brooming concrete multi-story districts were growing Augustus had to introduce height regulations limiting skyscrapers to six floors and still the citizens were unhappy they complained about traffic jams pollution of the Waters of the
Tyber and high rents the golden Century of poetry dawned myus a quasi minister of culture allocated special grants to praise the value of the state temples would be built in the honor of Augustus and even a month was named after him thus the cult of the Roman emperors was emerging they would come to be venerated alongside Mars and [Music] Jupiter after Augustus power became hereditary the senatorial opposition has left us Vivid portraits of the first Emperors suspicious Tiberius Unleashed Terror under the pretext of the law on treason under this law any action could be deemed
offensive it was enough not to sufficiently praise the Emperor or pay it a brothel with coins bearing his portrait in distant Judea a preacher refusing to worship the Emperor as God was crucified Caligula wanted to make his horse a console a scholar and gour Claudius was too occupied with feasting and the reforming of the alphabet to keep an eye on court intrigues one of his wives Melina was giving women of easy virtue a run for the money in the brothel and the other agripina poisoned Claudius with mushrooms to enthrone her son from another marriage Nero
Nero believing that he was a born actor not an emperor would later kill his own mother and then allegedly the apostles Peter and Paul then he again allegedly Set Fire To Rome so as to read the verses on the fall of Troy during the blaze he would accused the first Christians of Arsen and initiated their persecution and finally finally he took his own life most details of this era are known from tacitus a historian and senator who observed the degradation of Republican institutions fate of the empire was now decided not so much by the Senate
as by the petorian guards the emperor's personal security Force created back in the times of Augustus these suffocated tiberias with a cushion slayed kiga By The Sword and hailed Claudius emperor in all fairness at the same time the empire grew expanding into new territories Roman Legions conquered part of Britain where they founded a town called londinium provinces were given a transparent taxation system and the non-roman nobility began to enter the Senate on mass a grandchild of an Italian Peasant Vespasian flavius would become the founder of the next Dynasty Vespasian and Titus suppressing the uprising in
Juda committed genocide again according to modern day not Roman standards and reduced the Temple of Jerusalem to nothing but the Wailing Wall on a lighter note Vespasian had a jolly good Roman predisposition he taxed the collectors of uran at the public toilets and Titus the destroyer of Jerusalem would nevertheless obtain the title of merciful after a splendid Triumph he opened the Coliseum for the people Titus would be called the love and consolation of human kind and after such festivities had depleted the public treasury vvus destroyed Pompei plague devastated half Italy and Titus became a God
the second century would go down in history as the era of the good Emperors trasan was considered by his contemporaries the best Emperor ever Rome became a million Strong City and the Empire reached its largest extent Rome connected on new territories via network of paved roads this system still determines the transport map of Europe after Tran's Conquest Adrien buied himself with defense erecting massive fortifications in Britain and between the Ry and the danu pantheon was built in Rome the first temple to be topped by a massive Dome a real architectural sensation of the day dedicated
to all the gods hadrien would also include his lover among them the young antinas more of his images have survived than of any Roman the last good Emperor the throned philosopher Marcus aurelus would spend most of his Reign on Military Expeditions in between battles he wrote his Manifesto for stoic philosophy [Music] meditations it was under Marcus aurelius's son Commodus that the Pax Romana the Roman peace came to an end he preferred a gladiator's glory to the Affairs of State conspirators had the emperor strangled by a fellow Fighter the slave narcissus Rome sank into chaos the
next 100 years brought a sequence of random Emperors proclaimed by the Army taking their turn on the throne were a liberated slave of a fortune Seeker who bought the throne at an auction General Punic descent who would Place statues of the former enemy Hannibal all over the Empire a Syrian priest of the sun and a former Shepherd who owed his popularity ity to his powerful Physique in 20112 Emperor caraka half North African half Syrian granted Roman citizenship to nearly all free subjects of the Empire the idea that you could be a Roman in Judea in
Africa or any other corner of the Empire at all might well be the main Legacy of Rome still in use today by mid-century Rome was already in the midst of such a crisis that the whole provinces were starting to split off the GS for instance proclaimed an Empire of their own order would be restored by the son of a liberated slave Dian having started his career as a soldier he would end up an absolute monarch an astonishing example of social Mobility Dian split the empire into four with four co-rulers at four capitals situated closer to
the frontier Rome lost its significance the Senate became a town Council the country was now ruled by an army of officials personally reporting to the emperor thus the ancient world centered around the concept of a free community and free citizens came to an end from the princeps the first Senator the emperor had become the Dominus a title by which slaves addressed their masters the citizen became a subject the warrior turned into a soldier and the farmer a semi surf Dian himself resigned from the post of Emperor 20 years later and went off to his estate
to grow cabbages after Di's departure the co-rulers were fighting for power Constantine the future St Constantine the Great emerging Victorious before the crucial battle for Rome he allegedly had a vision of a cross after this he made all religions equal after 300 years of persecutions the Christians came out of the Catacombs and were now on entitled to build churches alongside the temples of Augustus and Mars Constantine would take the cross from Jerusalem to the new capital of the Roman Empire Constantinople theodosius I first would make Christianity the official religion and begin to destroy the ancient
temples he would also be the last emperor of a United Roman Empire his sons split the empire into West and East the eastern half would live another thousand years and is known to us as Byzantium the western part would fall victim to the great migration of peoples Rome founded by migrants would fall to the onslaught of a new wave of refugees ironically the last ruler of Rome would be called Romulus in modern Rome not far from the Coliseum and the ruins of the for there is a tomb its occupant was neither Emperor nor Senator but
a simple B Aker called Uris likely born a slave into a family of Greek migrants he later entered into a bread Supply contract with the capital and became so rich that he could build such a monument for himself and his wife before Rome in ancient Egypt and elsewhere or after Rome during the Middle Ages a man would die in the same station and life as he had been born the life and career of jusus is an answer to the question of how Rome was able to create a global state that lasted over a thousand [Music]
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