President John F. Kennedy's "Peace Speech"

[Applause] president Anderson members of The Faculty Board of Trustees distinguished guests my old colleague Senator Bob bird who has earned his degree through many years of attending night law school while I am earning mine in the next 30 minutes distinguished guests ladies and gentlemen it is with great pride that I participate in this ceremony of the American University sponsored by the Methodist Church founded by Bishop John Fletcher Hurst and first opened by President woodro Wilson in 1914 this is a young and growing University but it has already fulfilled Bishop Hurst enlightened hope for the study

of history and public affairs in a city devoted to the making of history and to the conduct of the Public's business by sponsoring this institution of Higher Learning for all who wish to learn whatever their color or their Creed the methodists of this area and the nation deserve the nation's thanks and I commend all those who are today graduating Professor woodro Wilson once said that every man sent out from a university should be a man of his Nation as well as a man of his time and I'm confident that the men and women who carry

the honor of graduating from this institution will continue to give from their lives from their talents a high measure of public service and public support there are a few Earthly things more beautiful than a university wrote John Mayfield in his tribute to English University universities and his words are equally true today he did not refer to Towers or to campuses he admired The Splendid beauty of a university because it was he said a place where those who hate ignorance May strive to know where those who perceive Truth May strive to make others see I have

therefore chosen this time and place to discuss a topic on which ignorance too often abounds and the truth too rarely perceived and that is the most important topic on Earth peace what kind of a peace do I mean and what kind of a peace do we seek not a Pax Americana enforced On The World by American weapons of war not the Peace of the Grave or the security of the slave I am talking about genuine peace the kind kind of peace that makes life on Earth worth living and a kind that enables men and Nations

to grow and to Hope and build a better life for their children not merely peace for Americans but peace for all men and women not merely peace in our time but peace in all time I speak of Peace because of the new face of war total war makes no sense in an age where where great powers can maintain large and relatively invulnerable nuclear forces and refuse to surrender without resort to those forces it makes no sense in an age where a single nuclear weapon contains almost 10 times the explosive force delivered by all the Allied

air forces in the second world war it makes no sense in an age when the deadly poisons produced by a nuclear exchange would be carried by wind and water and soil and seed to the Far Corners of the globe and to Generations yet unborn today the expenditure of billions of dollars every year on weapons acquired for the purpose of making sure we never need them is essential to the keeping of Peace but surely the acquisition of such idle stockpiles which can only destroy and never create is not the only much less the most efficient means

of assuring peace I speak of Peace therefore as the necessary rational end of rational men I realize the pursuit of peace is not as dramatic as the pursuit of war and frequently the words of the pursuers fall on deaf ears but we have no more urgent task some say that it is useless to speak of peace or World law or World disarmament and that it will be useless until the leaders of the Soviet Union adopt a more enlightened attitude I hope they do I believe we can help them do it but I also believe that

we must reexamine in our own attitudes as individuals and as a nation for our attitude is as essential as theirs and every graduate of this school every thoughtful citizen who despairs of war and wishes to bring peace should begin by looking inward by examining his own attitude towards the possibilities of Peace towards the Soviet Union towards the cost of the Cold War and towards freedom and peace here at home first examine our attitude towards peace itself too many of us think it is impossible too many think it is unreal but that is a dangerous defe

us belief it leads to the conclusion that war is inevitable that mankind is doomed that we are gripped by forces we cannot control we need not accept that view our problems are man-made therefore they can be solved by man and man can be as big as he wants no problem of human Destiny is beyond human beings man's reason and spirit have often solved the seemingly unsolvable and we believe they can do it again I am not referring to the absolute infinite concept of universal peace and Good Will of which some fantasies and Fanatics dream I

do not deny the value of hopes and dreams but we merely invite discouragement and incredulity by making that our only and immediate goal let us Focus instead on a more practical more attainable piece based not on a sudden revolution in human nature but on a gradual evolution in human institutions on a series of concrete actions and effective agreements which are in the interests of all concerned there is no single simple key to this piece no Grand of magic formula to be adopted by one or two Powers genuine peace must be the product of many nations

the sum of many acts it must be dynamic not static changing to meet the challenge allenge of each new generation for peace is a process a way of solving problems with such a peace there will still be quarrels and conflicting interests as there are within families and Nations World Peace like Community peace does not require that each man love his neighbor it requires only that they live together in mutual tolerance submitting their disputes to a just and peaceful settlement and history teaches us that enties between nations as between individuals do not last forever however fixed

our likes and dislikes may seem the tide of time and events will often bring surprising changes in the relations between nations and neighbors so let us persevere peace need not be impractical and War need not be inevitable by defining our goal more clearly by making it seem more manageable and less remote we can help all people to see it to draw Hope from it and to move irresistibly towards it and second let us re reexamine our attitude towards the Soviet Union it is discouraging to think that their leaders may actually believe what their propaganda this

right it is discouraging to read a recent authoritative Soviet text on Military strategy and find on page after page wholly baseless and incredible claims such as the allegation that American imperialist circles are preparing to unleash different types of war that there is a very real threat of a preventative War being Unleashed by American imperialists against the Soviet Union and that the political claims and I quote of the American imperialists are to enslave economically and politically the European and other capitalist countries and to achieve world domination by means of aggressive War unquote truly as it was

written long ago the wicked flee when no man pursueth yet it is sad to read these Soviet statements to realize the extent of the gulf between us but it is also a warning a warning to the American people not to fall into the same trap as the Soviets not to see only a distorted and desperate view of the other side not to see conflict as inevitable accommodation as impossible and communication as nothing more than an exchange of threats no government or social system is so evil that its people must be considered as lacking in virtue

As Americans we find communism profoundly repugnant as a negation of personal freedom and dignity but we can still hail the Russian people for their many achievements in science in space in economic and Industrial growth in culture in acts of courage among the many traits the peoples of our two countries have in common none is stronger than our mutual hor of War almost unique among the major world powers we have never been at war with each other and no nation in the history of battle ever suffered more than the Soviet Union in the second world war

at least 20 million lost their lives countless millions of homes and families were burned or sacked a third of the nation's territory including 2third of its industrial base was turned into a wasteland a loss equivalent to the destruction of this country East of Chicago today should Total War ever break out again no matter how our two countries will be the primary target it is an ironic but accurate fact that the two strongest powers are the two in the most danger of Devastation all we have built all we have worked for would be destroyed in the

first 24 hours and even in the Cold War which brings burdens and dangers to so many countries including this nation's closest allies our two countries bear the heaviest burdens for we are both devoting massive sums of money to weapons that could be better devoted to combat ignorance poverty and disease we are both caught up in a vicious and dangerous cycle with suspicion on one side breeding suspicion on the other and new weapons be getting counter weapons in short both the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies have a mutually deep

interest in a just and genuine peace and in holding the arms race agreements to this end are in the interests of the Soviet Union as well as ours and even the most hostile Nations can be relied upon to accept and keep those treaty obligations and only those treaty obligations which are in their own interest so let us not be blind to our differences but let us also direct attention to our common interests and the means by which those differences can be resolved and if we cannot end now our differences at least we can help make

the world safe for diversity for in the final analysis our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this small planet we all breathe the same air we all cherish our children's Futures and we are all Mortal third let us reexamine our attitude towards the Cold War remembering we're not engaged in a debate seeking to pile up debating points we we are not here Distributing blame or pointing the finger of judgment we must deal with the world as it is and not as it might have been had the history of the last 18 years

been different we must therefore persevere in the search for peace in the hope that constructive changes within the Communist block might bring Within Reach Solutions which now seem Beyond us we must conduct our Affairs in such a way that it Bec comes in the Communist interest to agree on a genuine peace and above all while defending our own vital interests nuclear Powers must avert those confrontations which bring an adversary to a choice of either a humiliating Retreat or a nuclear war to adopt that kind of course in the nuclear age would be evidence only of

the bankruptcy of our policy or of a collective Death Wish for the world to secure these ends America's weapons are non-provocative carefully controlled designed to deter and capable of selective use our military forces are committed to peace and disciplined in self-restraint our diplomats are instructed to avoid unnecessary irritance and purely rhetor rcal hostility for we can seek a relaxion of tensions without relaxing Our God and for our part we do not need to use threats to prove we are Resolute we do not need to jam foreign broadcast out of fear our faith will be eroded

we are unwilling to impose our system on any unwilling people but we are willing and able to engage in peaceful competition with any people on Earth meanwhile we seek to strengthen the United Nations to help solve its financial problems to make it a more effective instrument for peace to develop it into a genuine World security system a system capable of resolving disputes on the basis of law of ensuring the security of the large and the small and of creating conditions under which arms can finally be abolished at the same time we seek to keep peace

inside the non-communist world where many nations all of them are friends are divided over issues which weaken Western Unity which invite communist intervention or which threaten to erupt into war our efforts in West New Guinea in the Congo in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent have been persistent and patient despite criticism from both sides we have also tried to set an example for others by seeking to adjust small but significant differences with our own closest Neighbors in Mexico and Canada speaking of other nations I wish to make one point clear we are bound to

many nations by alliances these alliances exist because our concern and theirs substantially overlap our commitment to defend Western Europe and West Berlin for example stands undiminished because of the identity of our Vital interests the United States will make no deal with the Soviet Union at the expense of other nations and other peoples not merely because they are our partners but also because their interests and ours converge our interests converge however not only in defending the frontiers of freedom but in pursuing the paths of Peace it is our hope and the purpose of Allied policy to

convince the Soviet Union that she too should let each Nation choose its own future so long as that choice does not interfere with the choices of others the Communist drive to impose their political and economic system on others is the primary cause of World tension today for there can be no doubt that if all nations could refrain from interfering in the self-determination of others the peace would be much more assured this will require a new effort to achieve world law a new context for World discussions it will require increased understanding between the Soviets and ourselves

and increased understanding will require increased contact and communication one step in this direction is the proposed arrangement for a direct line between Moscow and Washington to avoid on each side the dangerous delays misunderstandings and misreadings of others actions which might occur at a time of Crisis we have also been talking in Geneva about our first step measures of arm controls designed to limit the intensity of the arms race and reduce the risk of accidental War our primary la long range interest in Geneva however is general and complete disarmament designed to take place by stages permitting

parallel political developments to build the new institutions of Peace which would take the place of arms the pursuit of disarmament has been an effort of this government since the 1920s it has been urgently sought by the past three administrations and however dim the prospects are today we intend to continue this effort to continue it in order that all countries including our own can better grasp what the problems and the possibilities of disarmament are the only major area of these negotiations where the end is in sight yet where a fresh start is badly needed is in

a treaty to Outlaw nuclear test the conclusion of such a treaty so so near and yet so far would check the spiraling arms race in one of its most dangerous areas it would place the nuclear powers in a position to deal more effectively with one of the greatest hazards which man faces in 1963 the further spread of nuclear arms it would increase our security it would decrease the prospects of War surely this goal is sufficiently important to re ire our steady Pursuit yielding neither to the temptation to give up the whole effort nor the temptation

to give up our insistence on vital and responsible safeguards I'm taking this opportunity therefore to announce two important decisions in this regard first chairman kusov prime minister McMillan and I have agreed that high level discussions will shortly begin in Moscow looking towards early agreement on a comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Our Hope must be tempered our hopes must be tempered with the caution of history but with our hopes go the hopes of all mankind second to make clear our good faith and solemn convictions on this matter I now declare that the United States does not propose

to conduct nuclear tests in the atmosphere so long as other states do not do so we will [Applause] not we will not be the first to resume such a declaration is no substitute for a formal binding treaty but I hope it will help us achieve one nor would such a treaty be a sub substitute for disarmament but I hope it will help us achieve it finally my fellow Americans let us examine our attitude towards Peace and Freedom here at home the quality and spirit of our own Society must justify and support our efforts abroad we

must show it in the dedication of our own lives as many of you who are graduating today will have an opportunity to do by serving without pay in the Peace Corp abroad or in the proposed National Service Corp here at home but wherever we are we must all in our daily lives live up to the age-old faith that Peace and Freedom walk together in too many of our cities today the peace is not secure because freedom is incomplete it is the responsibility of the executive branch at all levels of government local state and National to

provide and protect that freedom for all of our citizens by all means within our Authority it is the responsibility of the legislative branch at all levels wherever the authority is not now adequate to make it adequate and it is the responsibility of all citizens and all sections of this country to respect the rights of others and respect the law of the land all [Applause] this all this is not unrelated to World Peace when a man's way please the Lord the scriptures tell us he maketh even his enemies to be at peace with him and is

not peace in the Lost analysis basically a matter of Human Rights the right to live out our lives without fear of Devastation the right to breathe air as nature provided it the right of future generations to a healthy existence while we proceed to safeguard our national interests let us also Safeguard human interests and the elimination of war and arms is clearly in the interest of both no treaty however much it may be to the advantage of all however tightly it may be worded can provide absolute security against the risks of deception and evasion but it

can if it is sufficiently effective in its enforcement and it is sufficiently in the interest of its siners offer far more security and far fewer risks than an unabated uncontrolled unpredictable arms race the United States as the world knows will never start a war we do not want a war we do not now expect a war this generation of Americans has already had enough more than enough of war and hate and oppression we shall be prepared if others wish it we shall be alert to try to stop it but we shall also do our part

to build a world of Peace where the weak are safe and the strong are just we are not helpless before that task or hopeless of its success confident and unafraid we must labor on not towards a strategy of annihilation but towards a strategy of peace [Applause]