welcome to lesson two on uh nuclear weapons we're going to look at some maps so this is the 2023 estimated Global nuclear warhead inventory and as you can see Russia has the most nuclear weapons followed by the United States so they have 90 percent of the nuclear weapons in the world 90 percent nearly and there are approximately 12 500 in total now where are they mainly in Russia distributed and in the United States and then also in China so we think China has approximately 410 when I say we I'm talking about the very reputable Arms Control Association and hence Christian and others who've been researching this for a long time we know that France and the United Kingdom have approximately 225 and 290 uh it is not certain how many Israel has 90 to 100 but it has a bomb in the back basement I'll talk about that later it's secret Pakistan and India have approximately 170 versus 164 and then North Korea has we think approximately 30. so those are a lot of numbers but I just want you to remember the basic numbers there and that 90 belong to the United States and Russia here is a map of the nuclear weapons stockpile as it has declined over the last 60 years between 1962 the Cuban Missile Crisis in 2017. so here I want you to see there's the Cuban Missile Crisis and then gradually over time this huge number more than 30 000 nuclear weapons has declined between the United States and Russia with various Arms Control agreements now in 2023 as it says here there's 12 000 that are shared among nine states so here are the nine states and as you can see Russia and the United States own by far the most nuclear weapons and North Korea has approximately 30 we're not sure so here are the distributions of retired and so on you don't really need to know that there's the different people who in the Federation of American scientists are keeping track what are the implications of the bomb another word for nuclear bombs for great power relations well as you can see uh here are the great Powers if you consider them great because they have nuclear weapons and uh most people would say China is a great power now but we can debate this in weeks to come is the United Kingdom a great power because it has nuclear weapons is that why it thinks it's still a great power and are these countries like India and Pakistan will they be great Powers because they have declared their nuclear weapons arsenals so these are some interesting questions moving on I've written a book on NATO and the bomb about nuclear weapons you don't have to read it obviously but when I talk about the bomb I'm meaning nuclear weapons Hiroshima day is on August the 6th every year and that's also a popular term Hiroshima to refer to what happened we'll talk about that later in the lecture and then the nuke map which we're going to look at and you can double click on the map on that link here's the nuke map so what you can do here is you can put your own town I put London in here London Ontario and then you can select the type of weapon that would be detonated on it in this case I chose the Hiroshima bomb that was uh detonated on August 6 1945 so if you then clear it to be above ground how many fatalities would there be with this very small nuclear weapon most of the population of London and its outskirts would be killed and everyone else would be injured let's look at a different place so here's London Ontario where the different type of bomb this is the largest USS bomb so let's say the Russians used one of their older nuclear weapons against Southwestern Ontario and the Great Lakes the estimated fatalities would be nearly will be nearly half a million in injuries so that is too many people to try to rescue let us now go to Sudbury which is in Northern Ontario some of you may be from Sudbury or have traveled up there that's in the continental shield let's say there was a crude nuclear terrorist weapon a small one that would only uh that was only above ground just one of them by accident uh the fatalities because it's far less populated would be 550 and this is also a smaller crude nuclear weapon small finally some of you are from Vancouver and here I've put in a weapon from North Korea tested in 2017 so it is known that that has been established would they be able to send it as far as Seattle it's not certain but uh certainly Kim Jong-un says he can reach the North American continent let's say that he was able to North Korea was able to reach Vancouver north of Seattle and they used this 2017 Warhead I put the fatalities here in Greater Vancouver KET Solano and you can see that the numbers would be very high with radiation traveling far to West Vancouver and also Richmond Delta and so on so we often talk about earthquakes in Vancouver but here we're talking about the effect of a nuclear bomb so put your own City in try it out and see what the fatalities are let me talk about global warming versus global cooling from nuclear war this is global warming since 1880 in blue here and you can see that it is going up it is going up as predicted and it might go up to three degrees Celsius or higher we'll talk about that in future weeks but here is the drop from a regional nuclear war let's say there was a war between India and Pakistan using their nuclear arsenals which are fairly small the temperature drop around would be globally a 1.
25 degrees Celsius this is a detonation between the United States and Russia a nuclear Holocaust between the United States and Russia using their high alert nuclear weapons minus four degrees and then this is what we worried about during the Cold War for years that the and the during the Cuban Missile Crisis that the entire nuclear war Oscar Arsenal would create a nuclear winter so what is a nuclear winter winter this is the view of Earth from uh Apollo in 1969 and this is what the world would look like after a large-scale nuclear war the animation shows that the Earth would solely uh get colder over two weeks let's say there was a war between India and Pakistan just as an example let's say that they used 100 Hiroshima size weapons which is only 0. 05 percent of the deployed U. S Russian weapons right now so a very small Arsenal at least five million tons of smoke would rise into the stratosphere and then global temperatures would drop to little Ice Age levels so they would drop and there would be 25 to 40 percent of ozone destroyed at mid-latitudes 50 to 70 percent destroyed at the northern latitude so there would no be no place to hide like New Zealand or Chile here is the india-pakistani conflict over two weeks it shows you how the world temperature slowly drops around the world over two weeks if you're in Canada you can look where where you can look wherever you're from it's going as far as New Zealand and Chile as I mentioned and also over the two weeks spreading so that crops can't be grown and there would be a world famine possibly lasting 10 years I'll let that run for a second so that's just a hundred Hiroshima size nuclear weapons where the world temperature dropping over two weeks someone wrote to me almost sarcastically Peter a monkey yesterday from the he's the president of the Commonwealth Association but also a former Vice Provost of the Prince Edward Island University and he said well maybe a nuclear Holocaust would help with global warming but that that that's not true at all because there would be fam in a global economy would collapse and he was just being sarcastic because climate change cannot be coped with by lighting or by firing 100 nuclear weapons it would lead to much much worse outcomes okay you've seen that for long enough and here is the change in average surface temperatures two years after the india-pakistan nuclear war and you can see that the uh Africa is still very very cold as is all of Canada below zero and only an Arctic is changes not really significant there for some reason here's the change one year after an Indian New Pakistan nuclear war so that you can see it's quite dry all around the world but also cold less rain so what do world leaders think about nuclear weapons we're going to listen in the fourth part of today's lecture to the U.
S assistant Secretary of Defense the former U.
