Today we're going to read a news. Article together and this is an advanced C1 article but. Don't worry because this lesson is perfect for you if you're a beginner, intermediate, or advanced student, because I'm going to.
Explain everything in detail. You're going to improve. All areas of your.
English your vocabulary grammar. Pronunciation, reading, writing, and. More.
Welcome back to JForrest English. Of course. I'm Jennifer.
Now let's get started. 1st I'll read. The headline How did ancient Egyptians stack those heavy stones?
Scientists float new theory. We're talking about the pyramids, of course. Ancient.
Notice this pronunciation. Ancient chint. This last part here is pronounced chint Ancient.
Ancient Egyptians repeat after me. Ancient Egyptians. Now let's look at stack.
This is a verb. How? Did they?
Ancient Egyptians stack so that that's the verb. Now to stack is when you place one object on top of another, which is exactly what they. Did with.
The stone to build the pyramids we commonly use. This with papers, folders, books or other flat. Objects you can find in your home or office.
Can you stack those papers? Place them one on top of the other? Now you can say into.
A pile. You could also say into a stack a stack. Of papers is the group of papers.
With one place on top. Of the other. Same with.
A pile A pile A. Stack so notice. This is.
A noun, a stack, and then this is the. Verb. To stack.
So you might say I have a. Stack of papers to file, so you have to take all of those papers that are. In a stack and file them.
Alphabetically or by. Year for example. So in this case stack place them one on top of the.
Other those. Heavy stones, great question, isn't it? Is that something that you've?
Ever thought about? I know I certainly have. Scientists float new theory What does it mean to float a new theory now, grammatically, you need an article.
Here. But articles and auxiliary verbs are commonly omitted from headlines. But grammatically you need.
A new theory. Because theory. Is a singular countable noun, so scientists float a new.
Theory. This verb means to introduce a new theory. Suggest or propose?
Honestly, I would say that. All three of these. Options are more common than the.
Word float so. Sometimes with the English language you need to learn certain vocabulary in order to understand what something means. Because if you don't know what float means in this case, you might not understand the meaning of the idea, but other words may be more common or.
The better choices to. Use. So I suggest using any one of these.
3. But now you know that float an idea simply means to introduce an idea. Don't worry about taking notes because I summarize everything in a.
Free lesson PDF. You can find the link in the description. Let's continue with our lesson.
Four years. Egyptologist. Personally, I've never seen this word.
Before. But I understand because we. Use.
Ologist, we add that. To a word. To mean the.
Study of. So I understand just by the form of this. Word that an Egyptologist.
Is someone who. Studies Egypt. Egyptologist.
Now important to note. That this syllable stress is Egyptologist. So our syllable stress is here, Ologist.
And this is important because that pattern applies where the. Syllable stress. Is on the 1st.
O before ologist, Ologist, ologist. Because it applies to all. The words dermatologist, psychologist, archaeologist.
So just remember that syllable. Stress although you. Probably won't use Egyptologist too much in your vocabulary.
Egyptologists have hotly debated. So here, hotly. Is an.
Adjective to describe. How they've. Debate debated it.
And you can think of hotly. Debated. As very enthusiastic.
Or. Passionate, so to put it as. Adverbs.
You could. Say enthusiastically, passionately. Because these.
Are adjectives, so you can just put it into the adverb form, but in a hot. Debate. So that would be the ad adjective hot debate, hotly debated.
Sometimes it can. Get very. Passionate of the form of being.
Very aggressive or? Angry even when you. Share your.
Opinion, so just keep that in mind. Sometimes it can be used more in a negative. Way to show.
Some anger involved in it. Have hotly debated. How the massive pyramids of ancient Egypt.
Were built. And I'm sure you know that. Massive is.
An alternative? To the word very big or very large. But it sounds more impactful to use one word massive instead of saying very.
Big or very large? Other alternatives are gigantic or even huge. Although huge.
Is a simple. Word it still. Has more of an impact than saying.
Very large. Wow. Huge.
That sounds more dramatic than saying very. Large or very? Big.
So now you have 3 alternatives that you can use and you can use this in different contexts. We have a huge problem we. Have a huge.
Project We have a massive. Stack of papers to file. Now a team of engineers and.
Geologists. Ah, where's? That syllable stress, well, you know.
Right, Geologist, Geologist. So that's where our syllable stress is. Engineers and Geologists brings a new.
Theory to the. Table. First of all, let's look at this.
Verb. The verb. To bring but notice there is an S on here and you might be a little confused because we have engineers and we have geologists.
Which is they? The subject they. But the subject in this sentence?
Is actually. A team. A team is.
The subject. A team brings a new theory and a team in America in English. Is a collective.
Noun is conjugated as the subject it so this. Of tells you who. Represents the team, but it's not the subject the subject.
Is. A team and to bring a new. Theory to the table.
In this case, to the table simply means to the discussion, whatever discussion you're having, because commonly discussions take place at boardroom tables. But you you can use this expression in any case, you don't have to be. Sitted at a.
Table in order. To use this. So and bring simply means to introduce, suggest, propose.
Or. As we learned. Previously float although.
As I said previously, it isn't the most common and I would. Stick with. Any of.
The first three. So what is? This new theory that they brought to the table, that they introduced to the discussion, well, the new theory.
Is a hydraulic. Lift device that would have. Floated the.
Heavy stones up using stored water. So now I understand why they. Use the word float.
In the headline because float has another meaning in English, which means. Well, it's the opposite. Of sync.
So if I take this pen and I put it into this. Full cup of. Tea with water, will it sink?
Or will it float? A classic experiment. That little kids.
Have fun doing. Or at least I did. I had fun doing that experiment.
So float means to remain on. The surface of water. So they're being.
Clever by. Using the word float a new theory because. The theory is that the rocks float though.
These heavy stones float on water because remember I said. To. Float An idea exists in English, but it isn't the most common, so they're using it simply to make.
A joke which is called a. Pun, a play on words when you use one word in different ways, in this case hydraulic, it relates to. Water.
So hydro, hydraulic hydro. Represents water, so. Hydraulic lift.
It uses liquid water or oil usually. To generate power, and this is only important to understand. This article.
Because this article. Talks about using. Water A hydraulic lift device to float.
These heavy stones up. Are you enjoying this lesson? If you are, then I want.
To tell you about the. Finely fluent Academy. This is my.
Premium training program where we study native English speakers from TV. The movies. YouTube.
And the news so you can improve your listening skills of fast. English. Expand your vocabulary with natural expressions and learn advanced grammar easily.
Plus, you'll have me as your personal coach. You can look in the description for the link to learn more or you can go. To my.
Website and click on Finally Fluent Academy now. Let's continue. With our lesson while the theory.
Is an ingenious solution. Ingenious. Repeat after me.
Ingenious. Ingenious. This is an adjective, and it's.
Used with both people. And things I'm sure you can understand the meaning because you see the word genius in the word ingenious, so very intelligent and. Skillful.
But you can use it to describe a thing in this. Case the hydraulic lift to lift the heavy. Stones to float the heavy stones, that's ingenious.
So it's skillfully made or planned or simply. Uses a. Really.
Intelligent method. Or idea. So you could say this lesson is ingenious.
This method of studying using the news and analyzing, learning the language how it's used in a real world situation is ingenious. I certainly hope you think so. So if you do just.
Put the word. Ingenious, Ingenious. It will help you remember it.
Put Ingenious in the comments. While the theory. Is an ingenious solution some.
Egyptologists. Remember that syllable. Stress Ologist.
Egyptologists. Aren't convinced as a more. Widely believed theory is that the.
Ancient Egyptians remember this pronunciation. Ancient, ancient, ancient Egyptians used ramps. To put the heavy.
Blocks in place. Notice here for the sentence structure that. It's to.
Be convinced. So convinced functions as the adjective and then your. Verb is to be which.
You need to conjugate. With your. Subject in this.
Case they, they. Are convinced, but it's the negative. They aren't convinced, they aren't convinced.
So in this case, convinced. Notice that pronunciation a very soft T at the end. Convinced, convinced.
This is the adjective form. But you can also use the verb convince as an active verb form. So in this case something or someone convinces someone so you.
Could say this. Lesson. The one you're watching right now.
This lesson convinced me. Now this is in the past simple verb. It's not an adjective form.
It's conjugated in the past simple. This lesson convinced me that learning English with the news is ingenious. A very effective method.
Hopefully. You think that again? Put ingenious in in the comments.
If you do. Now widely believed. I really like this to.
Describe a theory. Or an idea? Or a.
General truth You could also. Say generally. Accepted a more as a more generally.
Accepted theory. Generally accepted methodology widely believed. Theory now a ramp.
Is if these are. Steps. Some people find it.
Difficult to walk up steps, so there's usually. On the side is a ramp, so a ramp. Is a elevated structure that gradually.
Inclines so. It's easier to. Walk for some people up a ramp.
Compared to. Steps. So in this case, they're saying some people.
Who study Egypt? Egyptologists. Aren't convinced?
Don't believe? That the hydraulic lift is. How the heavy stones were stacked.
They believe because. It's more. Widely believed generally.
Accepted that a ramp was used. What about you? Do you have an opinion on this this?
Theorized water. Treatment system. So by saying it's theorized, it means it's not proven as fact.
It's just. A theory. And the water treatment system represents the.
Hydraulic lift. That we talked about. Before so just.
Think of an. Elevator. But what's pushing?
The elevator up is, water pressure is. Pushing the elevator up and in that elevator. Are.
The Stones. That would be the water. Treatment system, but again, it's not a fact.
It's a theory. So that's why they're saying theorized. Let's practice this pronunciation theorize.
So notice an unvoiced. TH you put. Your tongue between your teeth theorized theorized The theorized water treatment system would not only allow for water control during flood events.
But also. Would have ensured. Adequate water.
Quality and quantity. For. Both consumption, consumption and irrigation purposes and for transportation or construction.
So they're seeing this. Hydraulic lift. The water treatment system had many different purposes.
You could consume it, drink it. That's consumption to consume. That's where the.
Word comes from for both consumption. Irrigation is when you use the. Water for agricultural purposes, so to.
Grow plants or to feed animals and for transportation or construction. So here they're talking about transporting the heavy stones. Let's review an advanced grammatical structure from this section.
Not only. But also. And in this case you need not only something, which we can say is not only ** represents something.
But also. Something else but. Also.
And we can verbalize on as but. Also, why so? Listen to this example.
This lesson not only improves my vocabulary. Think of everything you learned. Already, but also.
Improves my pronunciation. Think of. The words that we've.
Reviewed for pronunciation so this is a more advanced way of saying this lesson improves my pronunciation and vocabulary or vocabulary and pronunciation. It emphasizes both more, so it's a more advanced way of saying that, and it's when you want to add more emphasis to the points so you don't always want. To add that.
Emphasis. So use this when you want to add that emphasis and it's a more advanced sentence structure. And if you agree with this point that this lesson not only improves your vocabulary but also improves your pronunciation, put yes, yes, yes, put yes, yes, yes.
So I know you like this lesson and I'll keep making them so put yes, yes, yes in the comments, the authors pointed. To several prior studies. That found the Sahara desert saw more regular rainfall, thousands of.
Years ago. Than it does. Today.
So they're saying thousands of years. Ago there was. More water in the desert.
So this was possible to have this hydraulic lift? System this water treatment system let's review this expression to point to and notice that someone points to something and it's. Used to say to.
Direct your attention towards something, but that something is evidence. Or support. So this evidence or.
Support is these. Prior. Studies.
With information how they're there was more rain in the past and this. Supports the theory of the hydraulic lift. The landscape would instead have resembled a Savannah, which could support more plant life than.
Arid desert. Conditions now since. We.
Focused on pronunciation. Already, let's keep. Doing that notice here.
Desert as. So you want that sound, that buzzing like a bee? Desert, desert.
And let's compare this against. Chocolate or sweets? At the end of a meal which is of.
Course say. It out loud. Dessert.
Dessert. Dessert. Desert sand.
Dessert, sweets, desert. Sand desserts sweet, so remember that pronunciation difference, however. There is debate.
On when exactly the climate conditions were wetter. Notice here the sentence structure is. There is debate.
And debate on so we need that preposition on one of. The ways. That you know if you're fluent or your fluency is high is if you can take a sentence and change it and use a different sentence structure.
For example. The structure, something to be debated, is commonly used, so you can say. However, when?
Exactly. The climate conditions were wetter. Is hotly debated, so all of.
This represents the something that is debated and all of this as a subject is it so that's why we have the verb to. Be as is because it is debated. And if you wanted, you could add an adverb, the one we learned before.
Hotly. Passionately, enthusiastically, but sometimes even angrily. Is hotly debated.
Let's continue. On the other hand, this is an excellent phrase to have in your vocabulary when you're having a debate when you're sharing. Your.
Opinion on something, or even when you're doing something simple like talking about a. Project Report. Or even talking about your vacation or your weekend.
So let's see how you can use this in a more everyday situation, like talking about a vacation. You could say visiting Disney was amazing. And then you can provide one to three reasons.
Why it was? Amazing So. These are three positive.
Reasons because amazing is positive, but then you can say on the other hand and you have to list something negative. On the other hand, the wait lines were. So.
Long. That could be. A negative.
So this is how you can use the structure for even something simple like your vacation or your weekend. On the other hand, and don't forget the and make sure. It's the right.
Preposition. You're not adding an S when you don't need it, on the other hand. Remember those words?
Exactly. On the other hand and notice you have a comma before you state your point. Experts.
Debate, so here. Debate. Is being used.
As a verb, experts debate whether there would. Have been enough constant rainfall to fill up. The structures.
That would have. Supported the hydraulic. Lift.
Remember that's. The elevator that. Is powered by water, such as the dry Moat, so this is an example of.
One of the structures. That needed to be filled up a giant channel. Notice the pronunciation here.
Channel, not channel, channel. And before we learned three other adjectives that mean. Very big, very large.
Do you? Remember. What those three are?
It was only a few minutes ago one of the. Best ways to? Permanently remember is to repeat information we had.
Do I remember? We had massive, gigantic and Do you remember? This.
Small. Word that has a. Big meaning huge massive gigantic huge giant.
So now you have 4. You can add to your vocabulary a giant channel channel that surrounds the pyramids and nearby structures that the authors. Believe.
Collected water that helped. Power the elevator. When in use, the study authors agreed that it's very unlikely that the system was.
Filled with water. Permanently and argue it's more probable that flash floods of the time could have supplied enough water. To support the hydraulic lift.
During construction of the pyramid. Let's look at this and. Argue in this.
Case. Argue means to state. Their theory or their?
Position. But argue is. Often used with.
Couples or. Even friends or. Colleagues to talk about to.
Have a discussion in a negative. Way to talk to each other. With anger or.
Frustration. But in this? Case they argue.
It means they state. They're. Stating their theory.
So the word argue is being used in very different ways because if I say my parents. Always argue. Instantly there's negativity in that because.
To. Argue When parents argue, it sounds like there's yelling, there's fighting, they're screaming, it's negative, but in this case, the scientists. Argue this.
Means to present reasons or evidence to. Support whatever belief. They have and it's more probable probable talks about.
Probability. How likely? Something is, so they're saying it's more.
Likely. It's more probable. That flash floods.
So a flash. Flood is a. Flood that happens instantly.
However, this is also a great word to have in your. Vocabulary because without. Even reading anymore just.
Because they use however. I know they're going to introduce a point that contradicts or contrasts. What they just said, however, there is.
Still more research needed to know exactly how much rainfall and flooding likely. Occurred. During this time.
The authors noted. In the study, so in this case they're saying. That flash floods, this is what is likely or probable that's what they're.
Arguing, that's what. They're. Saying and using evidence or reasons to.
Support it. But they're saying that more research is needed, which is a contrast to their last point because they're saying flash. Floods are very.
Likely more research is needed to determine if flash. Floods were the cause, however, so this is a very. Important word to have in your vocabulary and here, the authors noted in the study this is a more advanced or academic way of saying the.
Authors said. In the study, the. Authors noted.
In the study. And that's the end of our article. So what I'll do now is I'll read the article from start to finish and this time you can focus on my pronunciation.
How did ancient Egyptians stack those heavy stones? Scientists float. New theory for years.
Egyptologists have hotly. Debated. How the massive pyramids of ancient.
Egypt were built. Now a team of engineers and geologists brings a new. Theory to the table a hydraulic lift device that would have floated the heavy.
Stones up using. Stored water. While the theory is an ingenious solution, some Egyptologists aren't convinced as a more.
Widely believed theory is that the. Ancient Egyptians use ramps to. Put the heavy.
Blocks in place. The theorized. Water treatment system would not only allow for water control during flood events but also would have ensured adequate water quality and quantity for both consumption and irrigation purposes and for transportation or construction, the authors pointed.
To several prior. Studies that found the Sahara Desert saw more regular rainfall thousands. Of years ago than it does today.
The landscape would instead have resembled a Savannah, which could support more plant life than arid desert conditions. However, there is debate on when. Exactly the climate.
Conditions were wetter, on the other hand. Experts debate whether. There would have been enough.
Constant rainfall to fill up the structures that would have supported the hydraulic lift, such as. The dry Moat, a giant channel that surrounds the pyramids and. Nearby structures that the authors believe collected water that helped power the elevator.
When in use. The study authors agreed that it's. Very unlikely that the system was filled.
With water. Permanently and. Argue it's more probable that flash floods.
Of the time could have supplied enough. Water to support the hydraulic. Lift during construction of the pyramid.
However, there is. Still more research needed to know exactly how much rainfall and flooding. Likely occurred.
During this time. The authors noted. In the study.
Did you like this lesson? Do you want me to make more lessons just like this? If you do, then put yes, yes, yes, put yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes.
In the comments. Below and of course, make sure you like this lesson, share it with your friends and subscribe to your notified every time I post a new lesson and you can keep improving your English vocabulary. This lesson right now.
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