hi I'm animal Seth welcome to neuroscience support my beer and I just watched that episode of black Mouth she's fantastic isn't it where they have a device that can harvest your memories kind of like in Meet the Robinsons and it seems hella advanced but we can we now implant fake ones the future is now WTF can we implant new memories this is possible I think in some limited way we can implant new memories our memories are just very unreliable people can reliably miss remember what happened if they're told applause a bull story but we can
also do it more directly hypnosis is a powerful technique it's not just some stage trickery hypnosis is real and through hypnosis you can induce false memories watching ton of 90s music video today and I am wondering where in my brain I've stored all of these really non-essential lyrics and if I can clear that space with something useful now I don't know what's non-essential about 90s music videos that's central part of my own personality for sure so I don't want to devote that space to anything else at all but it's a really good question how do
we store we seem to be able to remember an enormous amount of information the adult human brain has about 90 billion neurons it has about a thousand times more connections which means that if you counted one connection every second it would take you about three million years to count them all there's a lot of connections in the brain and if you think that a memory is just a particular pattern of connections distributed among a large number of neurons the number of memories that you could potentially store in a brain is infinite bohemian my ass is
it possible to punch yourself in the brain so that you just forget certain memories and stuff like that I wish it was actually forgetting is very adaptive it's very useful it would be terrible to remember everything in fact some people with really really good memories have a lot of problems in their lives because they simply can't forget so is there a way to just get rid of particular memories and we're not quite there yet but there's some interesting work in just with nice at the moment that shows that it is possible to eliminate certain memories
from nice weather that will also apply to humans or not there's a long way down the road but don't punch yourself in the brain that's not gonna do it it says old people thinking that Millennials use social media because you get a hit of dopamine when you get a text do you know how Neuroscience works dopamine this can occur in the brain that's often associated with the rewarding stimuli it means many things can be rewarding it's not just a bit of chocolate so does a tweet or a Facebook update does that really release dopamine in
the brain it's a pretty good guess if we find something like that rewarding that will involve the release of dopamine Stephan Konrath asks is it possible to read our brain it's becoming possible in the sense that we can record activity from the brain now using variety of different methods we're not in some weird science fiction scenario where I can point something like a hair dryer at your head and know exactly what you're thinking but in a more constrained situation where the kinds of things that you might be perceiving is restricted then yeah we're beginning to
make progress and another way this is really helpful is we can begin to read from the brain Newton intentions and this can be extremely helpful for people with paralysis because we can start to build what are called brain computer interfaces and use signals directly from the brain to control arms of control robotic limbs and this is a great example of why brain reading is still quite limited on the left there's a duck and on the right there's a reconstruction and it doesn't look that much like a duck yet actually and this guy nuki canna Tommy
he's actually he's one of the world's leaders in this area actually said kind of tiny actually he's done some brilliant work on decoding people's dreams because if you can decode the brain while people are awake you can also apply the same algorithm as well people are dreaming and begin to generate all these weird patterns of what the perceptions are that the brain might be generating why are you dreaming KT ATK asks is there a part of the brain that sense is a bad decision and tells you not do it because I don't think I have
that this is a great question it gets that one of the central issues in neuroscience which is freewill and there are different parts of the brain that are involved in the execution of voluntary actions and in the inhibition of voluntary actions there was a very famous case a guy called Phineas Gage in the 19th century was working on the railroads and a huge piece of metal went straight through his frontal lobes the first miracle was that he survived after he recovered he seemed to be fine but it rapidly became clear that he lost all his
ability to monitor and control and withhold his actions and he behaved started behaving very inappropriately what happened to him was the loss of the part of the brain that helped exactly this question that sense is a bad decision and tells you not to do it we've all been told to take a deep breath when stressed so what is the neuroscience behind why this quick tip helps so much well there's a simple answer to this which is that the brain needs a lot of oxygen to function properly so if you're at start of oxygen taking deep
breaths help but there's also a more complicated story which we're only as neuroscience is beginning to unravel we've known for a very long time now that decision-making doing the right thing at the right time is very strongly shaped by the state of our body at a particular moment and we call it emotion in another way so we won't make the right decisions unless we have the correct kind of an appropriate emotional response as well but sometimes our emotional response can be too overpowering and then we'll make wrong decisions so taking a deep breath might just
readjust this balance between what we're thinking what emotions we're feeling in the state our body is in so that our brain activity in our body can become more in alignment its face-blindness a real thing or just an attention-seeking thing it's a real thing there's a condition called prosopagnosia which is the inability to distinguish between faces what you find is people with prosopagnosia they're still able to identify people but they do it in different ways they're very good at picking up other keys like how somebody walks or what clothes they're wearing or what voice sounds like
but they just cannot recognize faces when you dream you dream of things that you've seen and thought about and all that so my question is do blind people dream and if so how good question yes blind people dream everybody dreams fact it's not only humans that dreams pretty much every animal with a brain at least with this kind of cortex dreams blind people if they've been blind from birth maybe they won't have visual content in their dreams but they'll certainly have dreams very rich in other perceptual content and nobody really quite knows what dreams are
for what idea is that when we perceive the world around us we have to use these very very complex models inside our head about what's out there in the world so we can interpret all the sensory data that's coming in and when we dream we're basically sharpening and improving those models so that they work better the next day a rancher asks can my amygdala light stop I wish it could the amygdala is a walnut sized piece of the brain very deep inside the base of the brain here the amygdala is very heavily involved in fear
and anxiety things like that without properly functional and nigde we wouldn't be sufficiently scared of things that should be scary so when we were evolving in the African savanna as early humans we're doing probably the most important thing is to be scared of the right things at the right time and you need an amygdala to do that do you think transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment could alleviate PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder panic anxiety or alt signers now transcranial magnetic stimulation TNS is a relatively new method and what it does is it just injects short but very strong
pulses of electromagnetic energy into the brain it's not very precise you can activate one part of the brain for instance I could activate the parietal cortex here or the frontal cortex there so it's pretty nonspecific and the long-term effects are not very well known it may be a technique which alongside many others will help us refine new approaches to these conditions but by itself it doesn't provide any quick and easy answers how does memory work is it will it be possible to surgically manipulate specific memories how does memory work this is a huge question one
thing is there's more than one kind of memory different parts of the brain are involved in these different ways of remember things to say that we understand any piece of that puzzle works would be would be an overstatement but let's just take one let's take autobiographical memory how do we have none of things that happen to us specifically now this depends on a very specific part of the brain called the hippocampus hippocampus there's very deep inside the brains part of what's called a medial temporal lobe the hippocampus seems to take in perceptual information as we
walk around as we move around the world and then it consolidates these memories back out into the rest of the brain into their cortex so it's involved in the laying down of new memories and memories aren't stored in the hippocampus but we need the hippocampus in order to lay down new memories and in order to recover old memories if you have damage to the hippocampus you will not be able to lay down any new memories you might still be able to learn a new skill but you will not remember what happened to you while you
were learning that skill vu asks how does ethanol work this is a fantastic question in fact it's a question I wish most neuroscientists would ask themselves again because many of us assume we know how it works and we still don't really fully understand what it does now if on the rise functional magnetic resonance imaging it's probably the most common the most popular method of brain imaging put very simply what fMRI does is it measures the amount of oxygen in the blood in different parts of the brain in a very very precise way and this is
important because bits of the brain that are more active where the neurons the brain cells are firing a lot they'll consume more energy and so the blood in those parts of the brain will have a bit less oxygen so we can tell how active a certain part of the brain is by looking at how the oxygenation level to change and in fact it's still a very active area of research to figure out how that signal of oxygenation actually relates to neurons firing neuroscience says doing this one thing makes you just as happy as eating mm
chocolate bars what is it a smile one of our main sources of pleasure in the world is social bonding so whenever we feel that we're getting some recognition of some affection or some positive response from another human being then we're gonna feel a lot better whether it's exactly the same kind of pleasure that we get from eating a chocolate bar I don't know I don't generally feel guilty if somebody smiles at me in the same way that I do if I've eaten a couple of chocolate bars on the sly now I hope I've been able
to answer some of your questions but the great thing about neuroscience is there's so much more to discover this has been neuroscience support with annual Seth
