What is Artificial Intelligence Exactly?

you are watching cole fusion tv [Music] hi welcome to another cold fusion video there's a lot of buzz around artificial intelligence at the moment and the term ai seems to be thrown around a lot but what is it exactly to clear things up i just wanted to do a quick video around this topic first of all let's look at the definition to avoid confusion we have to go back to the earliest and hence purest definition of ai from the time when it was first coined the official idea and definition of ai was first coined by

jay mccartney in 1955 at the dartmouth conference of course there was plenty of research work done on ai by others such as alan turing before this but what they were working on was an undefined field before 1955. okay so here's what mccarthy proposed quote every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it an attempt will be made to find out how to make machines use language form abstractions and concepts solve kinds of problems now reserve for humans and improve

themselves translation in essence ai is a machine with the ability to solve problems that are usually done by us humans with our natural intelligence a computer will demonstrate a form of intelligence when it learns how to improve itself at solving these problems to elaborate further the 1955 proposal defines seven areas of ai today there's surely more but here are the original seven one simulating higher functions of the human brain two programming a computer to use general language three arranging hypothetical neurons in a manner enabling them to form concepts four a way to determine and measure

problem complexity five self-improvement six abstraction defined as the quality of dealing with ideas rather than events 7. randomness and creativity after 60 years i think realistically we've completed the language measure of problem complexity and self-improvement to at least some degree however randomness and creativity is just starting to be explored this year we've seen a couple of web episode scripts short films and even a feature length film co-written or completely written by ai they don't really make sense but here's a few snippets for your entertainment anyway i need to leave but i'm not free of the

world yes perhaps i should uh take it from here [Music] i'm not gonna do something it's not a dream but i've got a time to stay there well i still think you could be back on the table it's a damn thing scared to say nothing is going to be a thing from not make is so longer of the face in the comprised and a person is what the world on the country of have the construction of the mic could the person in front are and how they deal to part of them okay so in the

definition you heard the word intelligence what is intelligence well according to jack copeland who has written several books on ai some of the most important factors of intelligence are generalization learning that is learning that enables the learner to be able to perform better in situations not previously encountered reasoning to reason is to draw conclusions appropriate to the situation in hand problem solving given such and such data find x perception analyzing a scanned environment and analyzing features and relationships between objects self-driving cars are an example language understanding understanding language by following syntax and other rules similar

to a human okay so now we have an understanding of ai and intelligence to bring it together a bit and solidify the concept in your mind of what ai is here's a few examples of ai machine learning computer vision natural language processing robotics pattern recognition and knowledge management there are also different types of artificial intelligence in terms of approach for example there's strong ai and weak ai strong ai is simulating the human brain by building systems that think and in the process give us an insight into how the brain works we're nowhere near this stage

yet weak ai is a system that behaves like a human but doesn't give us an insight into how the brain works ibm's deep blue a chess playing ai was an example it processed millions of moves before it made any actual moves on the chessboard it doesn't stop there though there's actually a new kind of middle ground between strong and weak ai this is where a system is inspired by human reasoning but doesn't have to stick to it ibm's watson is an example like humans it reads a lot of information recognizes patterns and builds up evidence

to say hey i'm x percent confident that this is the right solution to the question that you have asked me from the information that i've read if you want to know more in ibm watson you can click on the annotation now or the link in the description below google's deep learning is similar as it mimics the structure of the human brain by using neural networks but doesn't follow its function exactly the system uses nodes that act as artificial neurons connecting information going a little bit deeper neural networks are actually a subset of machine learning so

what's machine learning then machine learning refers to algorithms that enable software to improve its performance over time as it obtains more data this is programming by input output examples rather than just coding so that this makes more sense let's use an example a programmer would have no idea how to program a computer to recognize a dog but he can create a program with a form of intelligence that can learn to do so if he gives the program enough image data in the form of dogs and let it process and learn when you give the program

an image of a new dog that it's never seen before it would be able to tell that it's a dog with relative ease okay so before we finish just one last concept most artificial intelligence algorithms are expert systems so what's an expert system the often cited definition of an expert system is as follows an expert system is a system that employs human knowledge in a computer to solve problems that ordinarily require human expertise basically it's the practical application of a knowledge database we've arguably only just got the first proven non-expert system this year deepmind's alphago

alphago is not an expert system meaning that its algorithms could be used and applied to other things demus hasibus who was the co-creator of deepmind highlighted this in a google blog quote we are thrilled to have mastered go and thus achieved one of the grand challenges of ai however the most significant aspect of all of this for us is that alphago isn't just an expert system built on handcrafted rules instead it uses general machine learning techniques to figure out for itself how to win go he goes on quote because the methods we've used a general

purpose our hope is that one day they could be extended to help us address some of society's toughest and most pressing problems from climate modelling to complex disease analysis end quote in other words the algorithms that alphago use to win go could serve as a basis to be applied to very complex problems if you want to know more about alphago hit the annotation now or you can follow the link in the description alright so to bring this all together and summarize all that we've learnt let's recap so what is ai commonly ai or artificial intelligence

is a machine or a computer program that learns how to do tasks that require forms of intelligence and are usually done by humans and the other thing to take away intelligence comes in many forms and has many different aspects at this time we just have many different types of ais that are good at particular subsets of intelligence so anyway i hope that clears things up as a lot of people were confused about what ai actually is so anyway thanks for watching give this video a thumbs up if you liked it and subscribe if you're new

to the channel cheers guys this has been to go go you've been watching cold fusion and i'll catch you again soon for the next video have a good one cold fusion it's me thinking [Music]