Aula 1. Temporalidade da consciência na perspectiva da neurofenomenologia e da neurocognição

[Music] 2 to 3 a [Music] Good evening everyone, with great pleasure I start our international course in cognitive neuroscience here. I am professor Jivago da Silva Souza, I am from the Federal University of Pará and I am the current coordinator of the working group in psychology, neuroscience and behavior, this working group is represented by a group of teachers from different educational institutions in Brazil, its main objective is to be able to take a message of science to different people for different activities that everything has to do with science Especially in the area of ​​work that

we are in, so this working group he, at some point here, thought it would be worth offering you a course in cognitive neuroscience, Brought together colleagues from all over Brazil from different national institutions who work with neuroscience and who could bring a conversation with lay people and non-lay people about the current state of different topics in cognitive neuroscience, so this is our personal course, we, like me, have already shared it with a lot of people here in the videos that came before our course This course of ours was initially a relatively simple initiative where we

said, let's do a course and let's put up a website, right, a small website and we were extremely surprised by the volume of people who were interested in our course, so much so that the website crashed, you all You must have experienced this anguish that we had in the last week to see the website to the point where we had to set up a new website that could have more memory and could receive everyone, so this course of ours, folks, we're going to have how the main route of communication here in the YouTube videos is

ah a lot of people have been talking to us here in the messages a lot of very nice people putting it Professor I can't, I managed to write to myself but I didn't receive messages so I'm going to Give you some information here to you guys understand a little more about our course before our class itself, so first thing, sorry for all the confusion with registrations, we really didn't expect this volume, the second thing is that when we created the website, we put a registration link and this registration link It's mainly for those people who

are interested in getting certified, so if people want to get certified, go ahead and register here in the video's comment. There's also a frequency for today's class, it will stay open during 24 hours, so every student who participates and signs the attendance in at least 75% of the classes, we will give a certification through the GT, okay? That's the idea behind the certification and the presence in the classes, it's online, right? Someone can ask, but If I don't watch it right away, you have 24 hours to watch it and sign up for the frequency. Why

aren't we responding to the registration on the website? This is a personal thing that I and the colleagues who helped us here didn't know about. because this is the first time that we are Doing something of this level, as incredible as it may seem, sending emails is not a cheap thing, so when I send you these emails in our emails and everything, we have the right 500 e-mails a day I didn't know that, I came to find out now and then we would need, let's say in this course of ours, to send a lot more

than 500 and a half today we have at least 10,000 people registered So I went looking to see how much it cost sending emails in this volume of c 1 10,000 emails per day is a huge amount of money for you to have an idea, it's almost R1000 for us to send 5000 emails per month so it's a business that goes beyond a proposal for free courses, so just to put your mind at ease, anyone who signs up for the personal course will receive an immediate confirmation in the email, there's the personal list, anyone who

has any questions can see it in the chat, people posting the list, it's on the link there in the comments, oh, so just go there and put the name of the institution so we can see where you are from. Finally, make a statistic, so whoever is going to register, register there in a cute way and so on, the website will give an ok, ok, and so as soon as the Website said ok ok that's the thing, most of our communication will be at least part of our communication will be through videos on YouTube because this

way it's easier for us to reach everyone and without costing a lot of money, ok guys, if by any chance there's a problem with the link then it's okay, we'll try to solve it even if we say So, the first class wasn't worth it, let's say to the department, don't worry, we won't harm anyone in case link that we 're all learning here, but anyway, I wanted to welcome you all, I'm going to call the two coordinators who worked here with me. together with me in the General Coordination here, so I will call Professor José

Aparecido and Professor Renato Leonardo, they are not colleagues here, Professor José Aparecida from the University of Brasília and Renato Leonardo from USP in Ribeirão Preto , so I ask that Professor José Aparecido can talk to our students So, before our class, good evening, everyone, it's a pleasure to be sharing with you. This we're going to call the First International Course on Cognitive Neuroscience and its Multiple It's important To clarify how stutterers Renato and other collaborators emerged with this idea a while ago, there's a one group that we call the psychobiology GT that come together to

exchange suggestions, comments, project ideas and also exchange general specific knowledge about behavior and its correlates. aggregating this diverse knowledge presented by each of the members of the GT into a course that could reach the community of experts, especially students from the four quadrants of the country, this objective was achieved, but Zhivago and Professor Renato and other colleagues are extremely ambitious and I shared with them these ambitions or this central ambition ambitious because we decided to invite colleagues from abroad to participate with us share with us we also achieved success we did not aim or expect

that we would have 8,000 registrations we are expecting to have maybe five dozen or five hundred But we reached 8 thousand 8,000 people that You may be viewing in some way, I am left here and at the end of my speech, thank you, thank givago, who has been dedicating himself to the website for some time, the program, the invitations to Renato, who has given all the sustainability to the organization of this event, which has really gone international, so I thank you both I would like to thank the many speakers and we would especially like to

thank you for sharing this course with us at the beginning of our idea, I told Professor Renato that we individually had a great deal of specialized knowledge, it was necessary to add this knowledge and that we could democratically Share this knowledge so the GT as a whole achieved this objective or these academic objectives I would say emotionally involved No one is stronger than all of us together this applies to the Olympics team Whatever sporting activity and It also applies to science so it is a pleasure to be sharing with you, this First International Cognitive Neuroscience

Course, welcome, Thank you, Hi, professor, you are recording, I'm going to leave, okay, okay, thanks, so guys, let's go, I see that there are a lot of people talking about the issue of the link, okay, in case you have personal difficulty Don't worry about it, for this first class it can be left there as a taste for you. Don't worry about the link, you'll see it for the next class. Of course, correct it if that's the case. It's not a problem. I'm going to call Professor Mariane Souza, professor at the Federal University of Espírito Santo,

here to talk to us and she's going to introduce our guest to give our machine class, so Professor Mariane, please feel free, okay, thank you, have a good afternoon, good evening to All to everyone, my name is Maria Souza. I'm a research professor at the Federal University of Espírito Santo here in Vitória, in the southeast region of Brazil, and for me it's an immense pleasure to introduce you to our speaker today at aaal, Professor William Barbosa, right? He's the professor. William, he has an Academic career, his basic training is in the field of Psychology at

the Catholic University of Mass. he has a Dorado in education from the university in Carbonio in the United States and the professor I think we can consider. Without a doubt, he is now in a position at an institution, right, in Brazilian psychology, his career is extensive and very productive, he was, among others, founder Prim editor of Critical Psychology, which is one of the magazines and scientific journals in the field of Psychology in Brazil. He was also a master's and doctorate graduate at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and is currently a retired professor

at the Institute of Psychology at the Federal University. from Rio Grande do Sul, he is also a professor of psychology programming at that institution and last year he received the title of professor emeritus from that same university and professor was also one of the instructors of qualitative research and the semiotic criminology approach in Brazil, but I consider So, William's diverse interests, his perceptive analytical look, are what made him a reference, right, important, in this area of ​​critical analysis, Mainly epistemological analysis, production, psychology, and he took the right path, right, this care, always looking at different

perspectives of the same Phenomenon For lines of work that are as different as experimental phenomenology and cognitive epistemology, the history of Psychology, but I would like to highlight here, mainly, the importance of this analytical perspective, a critical perspective, especially concerned with the advancement of research, and with psychological theorization, so I conclude saying that he is this ror analí willam, I think that this is due to the enthusiasm that he always deals with, you know, intellectual issues, and certainly a great contribution, and that you can now follow and understand this inaugural class of taste, right, I

consider it that way, for sure, Professor Willam was a name like that, very happy in choosing for this inaugural class , willam, it is a pleasure again, proud to follow your work and I will pass the word on to you, a good course for all of us, thank you very much, my dear teacher Mariane, for the words that reflect on the In my career, we hear this when we get older, but I Want to say that I'm very happy to be here with you for this class and very impressed with the creativity, the initiative of

the GT teachers in psychobiology at Anep And then I have to talk something about ampep because these GTS started when Professor Cláudio rutes and I organized the anep event in Gramado many years ago and I never imagined that these GTS would be so successful and become the great productive structure of anep so This makes me very happy, another aspect that makes me very happy is taking this idea of ​​neuroscience to a large audience because I know that these topics don't always have teachers who can deal with them in an integrated way with knowledge and with

the history of psyche, so Eh, I'm very happy to open this program and you will see this during the presentation, I start with the title temporality of consciousness, neurof eNom and cognition, I have to say a few words about this title first, how You will see the continuation of this presentation, the temporality of consciousness is The primary factor in our mental health, if the time of consciousness is compromised, our entire mental health is compromised and there is one more detail, the time of consciousness depends solely on itself, that is an impressive thing. that the philosophers

of phenomenology discovered more clearly, although this already comes from the history of philosophy and that today this knowledge, when compared with neuroscience, has become increasingly robust, this is what I want to present to you. In this class, how did I organize this presentation first I want to say that it was a lot of work because I'm talking about what William James called Special present That is you here now with me listening watching this presentation this moment this moment This condition of this moment is glorious for our life because it's all if I I lose this

now I lose everything so the subjects I want to present are very present and what do I say first what do I say later so the The order I'm going to follow is arbitrary because I wasn't very happy, but what's going to happen Is the following, I'm going to introduce you to the temporality of consciousness in a very concrete way, prepare yourself later, I'm going to deal with cognitive models and models. and the neurof logical genomen model deal with the structure of consciousness and I will show how these models are meeting each other, which makes

me very happy because in the history of psychology teaching there has always been attention to the physiological aspects of behavior after the neuro-neurophysiological aspects of behavior, but the conjunction of the neuro with the psychic was always very problematic and this knowledge was lost throughout the psychologist's training, so this is improving a lot, so I'm going to dedicate myself now, going to the end, on three aspects, consciousness, which is our object, and two ways of treating or studying consciousness, introspection and reflexivity here I hope to show the difference between introspection and reflexivity and why in the

history of Psychology there has been so much problem with introspection and I believe that now I see a great deal of attention to study of reflexivity and I will conclude with the research from our Laboratory, which was very privileged to have the participation of Professor Mariane while she was a doctoral student here in our postgraduate program in psychology at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and my conclusions I will show how Science Today is turning towards Philosophy but this very quickly I also want to say that this presentation is above all a visual

presentation I want to draw your attention to important aspects of the relationships between cognition and neuroscience, right, but Ah, you will have materials so that if you are interested, you can study more about what I'm talking about today, introduction to the temporality of consciousness, here comes the question, how about experiencing the temporality of consciousness by watching a video without dialogue or narration but with a soundtrack This is an invitation and I want you to tell me how long the video lasts, so take a pencil and paper without looking at the clock, say how many minutes

or how many seconds this Film took and then think about what impressions this film left on you ah [ Music] [Music] [Music] well now write down the estimated time of the film What was the time of the film If you can write it down on a piece of paper it will be very interesting to appreciate the slide that comes next we did this presentation we did several rehearsals experimental with this film , some of us had groups that listened to the music or the Sonara trila, other groups that didn't listen were pure silence to see

if what impact the audio had on the perception of time, but there wasn't an important difference, I calculated. here this difference isn't there, it's not significant, isn't it? And then you see the variation in the perception of time, look here, the people with audio Have these cases that impress me Because the film must have been very boring, this one, too, these people here thought The film isn't very boring, but Look, this one is due to a beautiful film, look at how he saw it quickly and so on, very well, so what are we seeing here

that our perception of time varies, we can say that it's time logic of each person, including some psychoanalytic theories, say that the importance of logical time, including logical time, at the moment of the therapeutic session, but let's go back to the long past, in the most remote middle ages, to find Saint Augustine. Saint Augustine has a very great importance for Psychology because he was the one who most clearly developed the concept of consciousness of intentionality, what is intentionality to the object to which our attention is directed, we are always directing attention to something, that is

intentionality and what he saw when he described the present dist Anime What he saw he saw that our present brings together present expectations of the future present memory of past things present intuition of present things That is our present is not pure it brings together past things and future expectations as It was that in our experimental trials, the participants answered some questions exactly in the model of Saint Augustine, immediate feelings, relaxation, mental harmony, peace, calm, greatness, tranquilizing freedom, unable to think about anything else, seeking inner modifications in nature to serve humans, harmony and collaboration with

nature impotence and Plenitude sensations of smallness music strong chills permanence and movement unpleasant unpleasant nature the film was fast but seemed slow inspiring landscapes silence lack of hearing sober stories this must be a case of those who didn't have the sound but let's see this thing about past Feelings and Obvious future feelings past feelings forgotten photos visited places missing friends who live far away good memories future feelings getting to know the world leaving everything behind and living by venturing into unknown places traveling and taking this journey exploring new places and experiences In other words we

are always meeting in this our time in our present moment that we call the temporality of consciousness the past and the future and the present is a very very fleeting moment so I couldn't help but remember this book The Labyrinth of Time to take a little phrase from the preface time is the puzzle at the center of our understanding of the universe and I can say time is the puzzle at the center of our understanding of ourselves or how others are seeing the puzzle that I'm going through so time is everything it is through time

that mental health begins Russel, who is considered the great representative of phenomenological thought, will say time is the main constitutive factor of mental activity and complements all mental activities depend on temporality but temporality does not depend on anything except itself And then how can we, looking at conscious activity or brain activity, understand and explain consciousness and the perception of time? I see, so I Want to quickly remind you of cognitive models that will certainly be explored in depth in the classes that follow and talk a little about the phenomenological models, in fact, and it is

a model that is the neurof genomen olia if we are entering the course of psychology and has the rare happiness of having a subject called introduction to psychological science, in general we have a class on introduction to the profession, but it is that great manual that is a huge success in American universities that people from all walks of life come to take an introduction to psychology course in psychology, if we pick up one of these books, we will not have the multiple perspectives of consciousness. I even remembered now a very important fact and in our

postgraduate course that sometimes we receive students interested in taking the postgraduate degree in psychology that comes from other areas of knowledge that we recommend, take an introduction to psychology book, study this book, know what happens when we take an objective test on Psychological Science, do better than someone who took 5 years of Psychology that's why I have a great appreciation for these books and I wrote a text about the history of Psychology manuals But let's go What are the multiple perspectives the psychological immediate experience here began the laboratory of vunt functional skills to report the

experience, make decisions, direct behavior, three important things, three important things and here the importance of functional thinking is How to look at your adaptation process and responses to the world, this word adaptation has suffered, eh, a certain naive criticism saying that adapting is surrendering is accommodating, no, eh, adaptation , it is this creative, constructive process of your relationship with the world, your ability to grow and make people grow, good if you go into medicine, you have levels of consciousness that go as far as coma and I was very surprised that I went to a consciousness

Congress just dedicated to consciousness and I was impressed by the number of anesthetists. they were there, oh because we turn consciousness off and on, but what is that? There are Physics people who study consciousness and there are neuroscientific people. I'm going to talk a little about them and the philosophy that I'm going to conclude this presentation by dealing with. From the philosophical and actually epistemological aspects there you have what the intentionality that I have already mentioned and let's see the complexity of intentionality and phenomenality what is phenomenality the world is always appeared by you what

you have are appearances Kant already taught us But let's go to psychology in psychology we have three aspects that created a lot of controversy, divided schools and radicalized followers, we have lots and lots of conscious content and lots and lots of non-conscious or unconscious content and we have the behavior and then comes who we betting on the study of consciousness, the study of the unconscious or the study of behavior, these are crazy things like that, but that's how science goes, so if you're worried about consciousness, what do you want to know about it, its structure,

how it acts, which what are its activities what characterizes it again functionality you will Deal with adaptation if you go to the unconscious you have another type of concern which is this libidinous force this force in search of desire that is already there for ancient philosophers it is not repression which was also there with romantic thinkers and with and with the founders of psychoanalysis When you think about behavior eh aa The first idea that comes is the idea of ​​force, but the great contribution of behavior theorists were the notions of contingency because we are permanently

subjected contingencies, perception, the perception that comes from the Gestalt people was a theoretical branch of great importance for the awakening of cognitive psychology that will revolve and bring us the importance of the study of memory and today this is all crowned with neuroscience, that is, we are not simply thinking or doing, these are very curious experiments, but perhaps much more suited to proving what the experimenter thinks than actually illuminating science Ah, but with this combination, you have a much more robust science and I'm going to tell you something About all aspects These six aspects that

I pointed out here are notorious discoveries in the Science of Psychology, notorious discoveries none of them should be thrown away, they are all important and we will be a powerful professional, a powerful scientist, a Powerful experimenter, if we can understand and integrate these great discoveries of psychology and here comes my tribute to the Cognitive Revolution with three of his most representative works, Jerônimo Bruner, very well known among us, his book is from 1956, the study of thought, then comes Chamsk, Noan Chamsk, with structure, eh, syntactic structure, this book that revolutionized psychological thinking to show the

limits the limits of theorization berr violista what is the problem with theorizations theorizations they call the world to themselves and reduce knowledge to themselves but they are always incomplete always incomplete that's why you need to have a more eye-catching look and the book that will consecrate cognitive psychology It's this one by ur knister from 1967 Look, right, but this just became very CL for us in the 80s here in Brazil especially But even In the United States I recently wrote a text about this the psychologists there had difficulty understanding and knowing what cognition was they

said no if you talk about motivation I understand if you talk about perception I understand if you talk about memory I understand but I don't understand this cognition thing What is this folks, this is the set of our mental functioning, ah, but then you see a revolutionary book, this one seriously moved everyone, this one moved philosophers, this one moved psychologists, written by David Shers, The conscious mind in search of a fundamental theory aa Conscious Mind looking for a fundamental theory, that is, he is saying that until now we do not have satisfactory knowledge about consciousness,

such as the physical processes in the brain, he says, Dão origin of the mind, self-awareness and feelings as profoundly varied as love or hate, aesthetic pleasure or Spiritual Yearning is a book from 1900 and the last decade of the last century and now we have the following dilemma or the following question to resolve, which is the nature of Consciousness and what is the function of consciousness so it is a very curious problem because you have both the ontological problem What is the nature of consciousness and an epistemological problem what is the function of consciousness and

and they said Oh this about the function thing have you already you know, that 's the easy problem, that's the problem, but knowing how this set of neurons opens the space for the world to appear to you, you go to sleep and it turns off, you wake up and everything appears to you back, that's how it is. can what is the gear of this brain so that this appearance occurs for you so I like to have a historical archive of what happens in psychology and what I'm doing so I put it here in red this

first one here Gomes consciousness and communication a order and chaos in the Constitution of meaning at the moment I presented that film I was provoking its ability to constitute meanings this constitutes of meanings since human daig cousins ​​it was 1996 the same year of Liv doers that means I didn't know her book people there in São Paulo who organized this congress published a little book then It's not already 99 and in that little book I talked about three theories of consciousness in addition to the phenomenological theory I talked about a cognitive theory of Bars which

later will be called global workspace I talked about do den time and the observer thein time and observed the where and when of consciousness in the brain and I spoke about rosental of the independence of consciousness and its and the sensory quality three I already spoke there very well now looking to review literature recently Here it comes the surprise nature 2022 theories of consciousness and what the authors will say which are the most important today rosental that I put in my 99 book Global workspace theories of Bars was also there in my article this one

was not recurring process integrade information Theory this iit is being discussed a lot and See, he only refers to neurom Of course Of course only three or four lines but he mentioned neurom and denet is still very very suspicious if all these things will work out Welcome to the strong illusion so I I I thought about describing these theories, but I'll leave that to other colleagues who are more versatile in the knowledge of the brain, but I'm going to show you, pay attention here, how they're going to emphasize parts of the brain that they understand

as priorities for the emergence of playing between the visual and what you then deliver there in the prefrontal color but Look, just pay attention to these little red balls Let's go to the other one, look at how it already changes the configuration, no, it's not quite like that, look here how it is and it starts here from this ignition that which activates all this dynamic that he calls consciousness, it is the result of a general mobilization of the brain, pay attention, let's go to the next one, this one comes with this very complicated formula that

he calls the brain's magnetic heat flow, they are going to do calculations there about this is where he concentrates where he sees where he concentrates the activity and it triggers consciousness so I said but but they are theories that bring contributions they are supported by evidence They all have criticisms and one of the aspects That is used to eh it is to support one or the other so that these theories seek support for their positions are the pathological cases where parts of the brain become ill or are compromised and what happens in this general process

so look at these here are interested or interested in attacking the difficult problem the hard problem of consciousness show us how and this brain assembly works so that you have the present now and then the past and the future but let's go to the iOS models I really like this because this now is not pure pure illusion or pure mental representation or warm chair eee conjectures this one is from Bars, it is a very sweet and beautiful book with extraordinary teaching that presents step by step this integration between cognition, brain and consciousness and I like

it because it works with these visual maps step by step and they are figures that are continued chapter by chapter And then you will have it here you will have it here eh ooo input sensor sensor input vision hearing contact so there you have aaaa consciousness eh, the content of the conscious And then it goes to the central executive, it goes there to the working memory, eh, Here you have a verbal essay, you have an essay, eh, a visual essay of figures, right , that is, it goes into detail about this process and everything, everything

what is involved ah perceptual memory autobiographical memory eh semantic language visual knowledge declarative knowledge what what what are you planning to do habits and motor skills in other words it's a beautiful map that was in 2010 now in 2022 Greg hicks who I admire a lot and I quote a lot, he comes with this beautiful one, I love these diagrams, he comes with these beautiful diagrams, and here, look, he starts with long-term memory and then he goes semantic, episodic memory, procedural memory, work memory, he he he is very didactic when putting these together these memory

modalities and here it arrives eh sensa input sensation perfect perception mental manipulation eh eh eh linguistic understanding there you go guys this is fantastic linguistic expression I work a lot with this model of understanding and expression and I'll tell you why but it's on eh eh planning and inhibition emotion motor response And then you have the mental processes and eh eh eh speaking thinking learning reacting Very beautiful and very didactic this new book In fact a new synthesis for solving the problem of psychology I really like Greg because we have the same position we defend

that psychology is by nature has a Unified field of knowledge which does not prevent different theories wanting to explain this part or that part But they are fighting over the parts because they have not yet reached an understanding of the whole, that is what the we try to do, uh, both Greg and I with our vision of the integrated field of Psychology, but let's go to the nurofen omen logical model, after all, that's why I came here, uh, so what is this, providing a neurobiological explanation for the experience ? first-person subjective experience supported by evidence

from systematic phenomenological inquiry shared with neurobiological observations, people, this means a lot, this means breaking a taboo between neurobiology, between biology and psychology, biology and philosophy, but the experience is me and the my life, every moment of every hour, continuously, Which is in the first person, only I know about it and those who arrive or help us to arrive at this first person are the methods of phenomenology, but alone we don't have to use the third person for observations and then you will have now neurobiological information the neurological model differs from theories of consciousness by

not focusing on the identification of conscious and non-conscious informational processes I come back here when I say that I like this linguistic comprehension and linguistic Expression expression and understanding you can too putting here in this place perception also works and expression also works and behavior and agency and everything that I like that this process here between understanding and expression is not a digital process it is not an informational process it is a communicational process and I hope to respond or clarify until the future of this presentation Here is my honor roll I'm following a thought

that comes from William James the principles of psychology 10 escever this book EDM phenomenal time about The phenomenology of Consciousness of internal time Which is what I'm talking about was from 1893 to 1917 to write the book, people, serious science is done like this, this is scientific production, we have to overcome this desire for productivity in which researchers don't have time to think, they don't have it, everything is rushing and no one can read the other, there's so much going on There are those who will resume this, bringing a neurobiological vision of neurosciences to this

topic, it is Varela, I am very sorry, he was born in the same year as I was born, 1946, he died in 2001 of Cancer in Paris, although he was Chilean, but he went to be a teacher in Paris, fortunately, subject he didn't die and we have a good representative of 1000 of 2021 who is feldes who is also now a retired professor in fact I had to have said that In the beginning I hope it is much more provocative than clarifying because we have a great knowledge um hot knowledge in progress and we have

to hope that our universities have Laboratories for you to carry out this research and here comes the problem, combining consciousness with the brain there is a gap Consciousness is phenomenological, there is no way not to be but the brain is neurological but it is the Brain that produces consciousness the problem that we don't know how uh so what do you have there you have neural data computational models psychological models and philosophical analysis to try to help us solve the gap if we are going to solve it The challenge for an objective science of consciousness is

to dissect an essentially subjective phenomenon as you saw in the allocation of time to the film What is phenomenal consciousness Oh that's an easy problem recognizable experiential contents present in the field of focused attention that's very beautiful and margin huh that expand and contract in a flow in constant movement, this concept of experience is not a concept worked on in our undergraduate courses, although William James was so dedicated to it, John has been so dedicated to it, an Teixeira went there to study with John and understood what experience is but this this this topic is

not a topic that we work very hard on This is the first aspect we have to work on this idea of ​​experience present in a field that is the field of attention with focus and margin And there you go the flow So look carefully if there is focus there is margin this focus will move along its path consciousness covers all states that a person can experience again the term including psychopathological conditions and drug addiction in fact drug addiction is an ignition process forced into the experiential field, this is the truth when you are watching the

film, you were and desires in a directional attention Imagine that here is the film running and you are living this time, right? And then you have 3 minutes 43 seconds in the film, it was a way of showing For you, what you experience all the time is very, very crazy, but the class is like that, very well, so what do the cognitive models say, you have a memory and what that memory will give you will give you a passive synthesis of what is happening you have a look at the future where this film will lead,

this is an active synthesis. So you have, at the same time, when you experience the film and when you experience any event in your life, you have a unidirectional objective time and a bidirectional subjective time, but If so, how do the subjective and objective integrate, I put integration Of objective and subjective times, let's go, you have a sequential order of the film, scene by scene, step by step, unidirectional, it develops in the direction of the objective time in which the present event depends on the precedent event Obvious unidirectional but you have the Inter penetrated order

which is bidirectional it develops in the direction of the human predictive attitude in which the present event depends on both the antecedent events and the consequent events, right And you have the integrated continuity the sense that I have been talking about the sense the integrated continuity the combination of the two orders suggesting the bidirectional development in time of each event while advancing in a directional manner It corresponds to the integration between subjective time and objective time is that moment where the difference between subjective and objective disappears I will give a example of important politicians whose

actions involve us all and bring us consequences that tend to be talkative and start saying strange things and we are amazed Why these politicians talk a lot and what the French philosopher Melor Ponti taught us when you start talking and keep Talking, the more you keep talking, the more and more you distance the difference between thinking and speaking, so if you criticize what is being said, you don't understand, in other words, this difference between the subjective and the objective has disappeared, I'll go back to my scheme So you already know that you have to retain

you have to retain and protender, this is the word protender, no, we don't use it much, it means the extension of the Future, Saint Augustine already told us there. So you will have, you will have here, perception, perception is the result of this flow between sensation and movement, perception it's always it's always eee it depends on the movement that's really crazy it doesn't depend on the space It depends on the movement and that's why when you watch a movie You don't have a dimension of space like the dimension of space is is is time is

the movement now what I say and insist, all of this is on top of affection , that is, it is about the emotional life of affective life, this word emotion has become very strong, there are books about emotion, there are dictionary about emotion, but in truth you have this strength strength is affective and it is this strength that gives you Anima that gives you movement that gives you action if this strength dies you go along with it You were paralyzed huh understand so what happens You have the present is this resulting appearance and and from

this conjunction E then you will have the memory, the Evocation, the mental images and fantasies that take you to the future, but I still wanted to explore this a little more here, now showing all of it, temporality and the flow of thought in consciousness, see that I put this one here red dash This is the is is the present this present is mobile it is mobile and what happens you have so much this horizontal intentionality that it has duration it has a unity It goes here it goes to the future but you have a specificity

It there is also this specificity, so that expressivity was the possible theme of the film, but this analysis, on top of this horizontal intentionality, is a transversal intentionality, back there, a transversal intensity, which is what makes you have the meaning of things and you live your special gift is so so expensive this gift that William James called a special gift is something very very very unique and very Wow although animals also share And research continues - here is a very curious research which is computational neurology a profound methodological structure to investigate the how of experience

and this is a very big innovation, I mean it is not innovation Because we already his article is prit which I found 224 prit but we have been doing this in our laboratory for more than 20 years since At the beginning of the century, I would say, right, what is the problem here, when you work in the laboratory, when you give a questionnaire, when you set up experiments and what is the risk, you are not studying what you want to study, which is the reality of world of the world of that object that you want

to study you can be studying your researcher's reality and the researcher's conjectures that's why you have to have to reach some conclusion several and different methods with different populations it's very serious huh So you have the content of the experience, which is what has been sought to be investigated since the beginning of experimental Psychology, but you have the mode of experience, that is, that subject, that participant who is living in the laboratory, A cognitive research there in front of the computer, manipulating the keyboard, answering this and that also has a mode of experience that has

to make sense to it and the careful researcher will want to know and will want to study qualitatively What is this mode of experience ? back then they beat me because I'm just going to say I don't know but I'm going to study it, right? I was already talking about bad inference because it's a bad epistemology and they're taking this epistemology to study this aspect here in this first part, let's see here a priori probability the beliefs or initial knowledge about the system before new data are observed here is the present probability observing the new

data provided by the current state of the system posterior probability the updated belief about the system considering the new data this here are PR the researchers and here is the scheme they created here is this complicated process that I read there and here it catches my attention they are interested in the observations Neurobiological and phenomenological observations So here you will have third person and here first person me I I can't say more than that because it's very new knowledge it's still in the preprint Let's see who the reviewers will find there and then we'll talk

but But what I want to say to close this part of my presentation is that disorders of the time of consciousness from a phenomenological and neuroscientific perspective, this title is about the time of consciousness from a phenomenological and neuroscientist perspective, what does it mean? Schizophrenia is interpreted as a structural disorder of the Consciousness of time and here comes again the past which is retention where you have working memory the present which is presentation the things coming with which you have interference and the future which is what you prepare to come later but what he is

interested in here is exactly the effects and the disturbances of the time of consciousness people, this is serious now let's go to the last part I will try to be brief without abusing your Good Will About consciousness, introspection and reflexivity and as an example I I'm going to do some research by Professor Bariane on internal conversation, the concept of experience, I said that this is a concept that is not very well worked on, it's a shame in our courses, because it's the key concept in psychological theorization, so let's see Kant in the Critique of Pure

Reason that what he said the examination of the a priori conditions of experience determines the formulation of universal and necessary judgments about reality does not take away from that the examination of the prior conditions of experiences determines the formulation of universal and necessary judgments about reality that was cant Hegel Progressive reflection is capable of overcoming the contradictions between subject and object by subjecting conscious experience to experimental analysis conscious experience James continuous flow of sensations perceptions and Thoughts that constitute consciousness the stream of consciousness the flow that is great luminaries of psychological thought they already pointed

out the importance of experience and what reflexivity would be, let's go back to the middle ages we find Tomá Dequino who will say the Return of self-awareness about oneself and more recently a great professor at the University of Ileni said a Universal human condition Oh that's strong anyway time and place what is the difference between introspection and reflexivity here experience consciousness experience consciousness consciousness conscious experience conscious experience conscious experience But what is experience it is present to the mind when experience is present to the mind it is introspection I want to know what that I

give the stimulus I want the psychology people the stimulus present for the mind introspection but what is what that Interrogates reflexivity it Directly interrogates consciousness about itself present to the agent there is reflexivity So you have in reflexivity You have a duality between us and Action we are the ones who decide what we are going to do in reflectivity the agent is capable of exercising thought and judgment with action and in reversibility there is a structural symmetry between us and action in other words a no exists without the other this is what we call inclusion

and Exclusion because there is no agent if there is no action there is no action if there is no agent So this is very curious, prepare yourself if I summarize The paradigms the great paradigms of Psychology which are the great axes in the classical axis that started from experience to reach consciousness and behavior the axis that comes from psychology from evolution theory and is environment body adaptation you cannot skip one or the other and if you come there through the da da da tradition of linguistics and fictional literature you will have symbol agency and language

people that for me is perfect for synthesizing psychological knowledge now this side here is moved by affection It's the affection that that it attracts you to the environment and constitutes the symbol for you. This one is cognitive and this other one here is conative because this will have an implication on the other, you know, and if we go to psychological practice, it has its foot on one of these lines or it is on the first one or she is it in the second or is it in the third is it there if you go to

psychological treatments for example And then but everyone claims Success Why are they talking about different things people, if You see here environment experience symbol this is the same o same semiotic point This constitutes the same the same standard agency consciousness and body the same standard language behavior AD abação the same standard so we are not that far apart and I am happy that today I see when we go into practice these lineages getting closer and having a much more productive dialogue and then I return to reflexivity you have us and Action reflectivity you continue with

us and action but when it reaches reversibility one takes the place of the other and so you go I can do this with understanding and expression too self-talk self-talk today is considered one of the great ways of studying reflexivity it has different names there they are I won't stop and let's move on to evolution since we are in the neuroscience course let's talk a little about evolution Why does it happen in evolution you have ontological considerations about reflexivity reflexivity is an evolutionary function and what is it And what is it and what function is this

generation of signs signs are the elements in which you constitute the understanding of what is Happening you understand through signs and what that then you have another detail but then you have the cultural function but the cultural function specifies the signs In other words, the evolutionary function is constitutional and biological, the cultural function will appropriate the signs and attribute meaning to the signs, isn't that why you there are different ways of treating this picture, this picture that is real, through semiotics, which will call this part structure, which will call this part structure and this other

part content, sociology, which will call this other part agency and structure, and psychology that here is the individual Of course and here is the social And then it is exactly through this process of self-awareness of producing signs that you produce signs about yourself, arriving at the self, arriving at self-awareness, which is both procedural, it has a form, it is dialogical but it is the historical human beings at any time at any time have these same these same conditions of self form of logic and the historical because it is there It depends on nothing but it

is also identity identity because it Gives you substance The form dialogism is cultural and transforms the historical into historical each era with its way of understanding the self the selfie is not a separate entity it is not a muc it is not a thing the selfie was the ability to make signs that you made signs about yourself and you follows this type of Constitution of meaning throughout your life here is a graph of the dialogical selfie where the selfie would not be unitary the selfie would be multiples Professor Mariane went there to study with hermans

about this based on the author of the fiction book bkin where In fact, the selfie is you, you, talking to all these people, your father, your wife, your mother, your teacher, the student, you student, your son, that is, you have these characters that you dialogue with them in your internal conversation and then what the What did Professor Souza do, let's make these people answer Raven's test by speaking out loud and we'll record it and we'll see what these people are like answering Raven by speaking out loud and then what Professor Mariane found us here is

marking the difficulty and the measurement of the time of the task who does better who does Well who does poorly Here is the number of words Look what the number of words is not Here I was wrong it's 1982 ah old woman here it's wrong 82 1982 directly proportional to the task and teacher Mariane still managed to show the difference in performance in the three parts of the Raven, which becomes increasingly difficult, the average performance 77.1, ranging from 22% to 97% and inversely proportional to the difficulty of the task levels levels leaves put here correspond

to the three parts of the aven and the What conversation is this how this conversation happens And here comes a very curious ax of a creative and innovative assembly of the do aile I already talked about it this professor at the university from Illinois who then went to Berkeley in California and he joined George Herber's understanding of selfies MIT with Charles Sunder Pierce recently I discovered something very curious, historical about Charles Sunder piercing, he was the first to get permission from psychology in the United States. United, this was a big surprise for me and I

was sad that I hadn't known this before but I didn't know, so the selfie is you, you're constantly talking About yourself, even if I'm talking about myself to this you, this you could be me or it could be the other H, well, we used an artifice and analysis in which we distinguished what was a visual description, what was logical reasoning in the responses and what were dialogues, so a visual description This is a white Striped White striped and white blue striped Blue talks about the guy who was taking the logical reasoning test square plus square

at the bottom there will be a square dialogues Calm down Maria calm down Where is ol there is no l here that is we saw here two types of communication two types of communication we saw informational communication , it is not a communicative one, so when it is informational it is the me speaking to me and when it is communicational you have the me talking about M about to you, sorry why and sometimes this has already been presented in others countries, I didn't pass this on to Portuguese, so you can see here how the responses

were configured now, What did the researchers do, that was Mariana, that was what Silveira did too, isn't it that in another research they compared the personal verbalizations that are precisely those communicational ones with the performance here was 19 o the performance was 80 here was 97 the personal verbalization was 25 here was 89 25 here was 89 25 here was 22 was was 41 here was 41 of 22% El fell here eee here also fell 64 64 and here it was like this, it was the weakest performance and there was no internal conversation, here you

have those who did very well, here there are those who didn't do well, that is, here it is already third person knowledge and they, to arrive at these graphs, gathered and compared all the instruments we used and there were many But what does this have to do with neuroscience people there is a difference in the brain when the conversation is open conversation I'm talking to you now overt Speech is here pre-motor Cortex Primar Cortex is here and when and when it is in speit, then you have a spread of this and this activation in different

parts of the brain, some areas associated with greater activation in miner speit , that is, speaking to myself is different from speaking to others, open speaking aa overs speit or if the cerebral mobilizations are different then the Inner speit cannot be considered as overs speit less motor articulatory execution is not and is is is really impressive this conjunction between the data from neuroscience the data eh eh and the data eh from phenomenology there recently a friend of mine Mariane Maria Adélia sends me willam see this article here notb has Inner Voice consequences offendia ahes invented

this name anazia ah low levels of internal speech had lower performance in a verbal working memory task and more difficulty in making judgments of Rhymes compared to adults who reported high levels of self-talk, that was, we asked them to do the r, they asked them to rhyme there with disappeared, right ? You know, since the first decade of this century, we unfortunately don't give the necessary strength to our studies and they don't give our studies and our institutions the Same credibility, conclusions ending very quickly Look what I said was about corporeality, corporeality and behavior what

is this subjectivity ineffability intrinsicability and privacy What is is is the first person is you your feelings your thoughts that only you know and that you don't say everything corporeality is having a physical form is situated in the world this is very very important and there is no way that your bodily experience cannot be corporeality, integration, body, identity, existence and behavior, that is. observable measurable external contextualized intentional or automatic individualized po can be external but can be internal if you assume that Russian concept of activity that comes from Russian psychologists back in the time of

vunt no So what I want to say to you I want to say to you that for us to understand this set of articulations of our consciousness, subjectivity, corporeality that I am here talking to you now, sitting, right, situated, this affects my consciousness as well as it affects consciousness in a different way, you Are following this video presentation, isn't it, and corporeality which is your body identity and the behavior that your family member, your friend, your colleague is seeing and I'm not sure what that means that for us to do research today to understand this

group we have to work not only on subjectivity, not only on objectivity but intersubjectivity, which is where we constitute ourselves as subjects, we become people through intersubjectivity with our parents, you know, and we have to consider these great perspectives of psychological functioning and what I want to say now to finish, really you you when I was talking about this difference between understanding and expression you have it here Digital reasoning and analogical reasoning digital reasoning is informational analogical reasoning is communicational digital reasoning which is what it is doing to us today neuroscience reduces us to uncertainty

Will it be that what I'm talking about about consciousness makes sense it has a basis it has support the analogical reasoning which is qualitative research it deciphers Ambiguity it will try to clarify your subjective life digital reasoning is probabilistic analogical reasoning is extremely possible for knowledge and here is what beautiful behavior, right, so what do I mean? I mean how behavior is guided by subjective experience and by the control of voluntary attention or involuntary action, the response to contingencies, that is, there is voluntary attention, there is involuntary action, that's what show the cognitive studies where

where a number one stimulus is presented in a minimum time and the fine person registering that stimulus because it was part of the set of the reasoning From the Logic of the experiment they have very beautiful studies about this and the I'm saying that we need to study attentional networks neural networks genes individual differences environment socialization and culture look here very quickly this magazine biophysics and molecular biology it is said that phenomenology And semiotics are important for the renewal of natural science I will go over that here And this gentleman Eric Cavalcante was on Estadão

this weekend experiments that test physics and philosophy as a single whole could be our only path to infallible knowledge about the universe I would be less optimistic but I think it's the perspective It's good and Ah, here you have, interestingly, the website of the Institute of Physics and the University of São Carlos at USP, right, Federal University of São Carlos USP, their Institute of Physics there saying a new era of cognitive revolution, I mean there was a cognitive revolution now there will be another one and what do they say the difference in this new revolution

is that it is qualitative in nature from an epistemological point of view and therefore much more radical it is not a question of quantity it is a change in the conceptual and operational nature guys thank you very much sorry for the stretching Hi teacher and we here thank you for your incredible class I'm going to call professor Mariane for our conversation here again let me see if Mariane Is here so I'll ask the people in the chat who want to ask the teacher questions feel free Mariane too If you want to talk to the teacher,

it's free, it's great, they're listening to me, I unlocked it here, the audio, your audio has a little bit of echo, if you could close it there, the meeting we were in, maybe I'm going to leave there, so I closed it, I left it. That's where there's no Echo and we can, it's great, no, so when our listeners warm up, it was great, Willam, reviewing these very expensive themes, right, for all of us who went through your laboratory. right there in burgas for me especially and one point I think has always caught my attention and

you ended with it now Oops a lot of attention lately which is this movement in the sciences and in the field of consciousness studies, right, this very comprehensive multidisciplinary field that has brought together physicists, from physicists to philosophers, including neuroscientist psychologists, and it seems to me that an important point of the discussion that these researchers have been having now is precisely this discussion that for us in psychology seems to me to be this feeling that you bring, right, it has already Happened, eh, and the We have been having this discussion for a long time, but

there is a researcher, an Italian philosopher Ricardo Manzotti, who has a proposal that I find very interesting and I would like you to think and talk a little about this about the identity between the mind and the object, his proposal is radical, so he says that, right, he goes further than Russel did with phenomenology, right, when he brings subject and object together, which is a bit of this approach, right, between the first and third person, objectivity and subjectivity, and this last one you say, right? Philosophy and physics we are talking about bringing together two terms

that at first, right In the History of Human Thought we separated for didactic FS they were close At some point they separated to specialize but he says that the solution Maybe for this GAP between, right the mind is the hard problem, right, that ches poses and for this separation, right, how are we going to find The Missing Link that, together with the brain, right where is the missing link that explains to us how the brain engenders consciousness and it goes say that we will only be able to answer this when we No longer think about

a separation between mind and object, in fact we have to start exercising a thought, a perception of the identity between the mind and object in such a way that the present that present that you talked about and you brought exactly one illustrating what he talks about, right, that present that is mobile, right? And that we go to the past and the future according to the environment and our experiences But this present moment is so fleeting, eh that it's there all the time Obviously it's also relative to the object, right? Eh, so Eh, it's also identified

with an object. So, in fact, there wouldn't be a difference, right? But anyway, it's just for us to warm up a little, so I wanted to ask some chat questions here. to add to the debate, there is a question here from Maurício if it is possible to combine the issue of neurophenomania with the field of Studies in and to what extent the advancement of technology interferes in the field of Psychology as a whole, it doesn't interfere with me, it doesn't interfere with Artificial Intelligence It's it's it's very very interesting because what it does is gather

and synthesize what we've already made available to it, it manages Data now it's a very very important instrument and I haven't done it yet but I know of colleagues who are doing it qualitative analysis with artificial intelligence during the preparation of this material I checked Several Various aspects of what I presented with artificial intelligence and the perfect synthesis, understand so eh eh eh they say Look, this could be what I'm using, the simpler one than the free one Huh, I think that I don't see a problem with Artificial Intelligence and I see that we have

to know more about how to ask questions, right? and how to take advantage of this work because hey, it's only going to bring what we already put it there and needs us to add new information so that it can be enriched even more, this is the situation of incia Jal willam now I don't know if deago the signal has dropped and if we the people the staff are able to keep up with us but we can't You have access to the chat here, right? Let me see if we have any information Well, anyway , I

see you, you see me, right? Ah, we are, but no, but we don't know if the others are seeing us [Music] I'm closed, you're there. Willam finished me, no, I closed mine to avoid feedback so I left that room to find out if people are sharing any information there, can you access that other room just to see if yes, I'm with her here for some time Aparecido It's similar Ah, that's great, I haven't heard back from the group yet, which is still so Following there, I think it was just a little problem with the connection

with Zhivago, who is our coordinator , so we can continue the debate as people are listening to us William So, it's great, feel free, then Eh And that's what I think it's not good a neur phenomenology in principle it has absolutely nothing to do with artificial intelligence it's not it's it's it's distinct articulations Remembering that artificial intelligence works through information reduction of information reduction of certainty right And what's up andaa A phenomenology, she is interested precisely in these ambiguous aspects of the subjective experience of how the world appears To you and how you appear to

you and artificial intelligence, I think, right, Will , she works with this logic that is digital, right, This logic of exclusion, exclusion and the analog logic, which is a human logic, I think par Excellence, right, it will work with ambiguity, and it will somehow make a counterpart or a complement, right, we have an AI that seems to simulate analog logic very well, but it it's not built, right? And to work with analog logic, because it's almost very difficult, right? There are some, I've read some researchers in the language area of ​​linguistics who are trying precisely

to understand this difference, right? What would artificial reasoning mean? Artificial Intelligence and what is human and they tend to point towards this path like this, you have programs, you know, algorithms that are increasingly sophisticated and are developed by us human beings who can master this analog logic and embed it in these programs, but it is still the program no matter how much he is fed, you know, with the possibility, for example, of learning from his own mistakes, anyway, This is still a long way from him being able to use analog logic, so some AI texts,

for example, that you ask him to generate, they are written grammatically correct, right? Sentences are well made, words, quotations, but if you look at the text every time, you realize that it lacks logical coherence. At some point, what is missing is this logical coherence that these researchers are going for, which gives us this coherence because it seems like that 's it what differentiates this, right? This is well observed You have a certain redundancy in the answers, exactly a repetition, right, or adding or saying it in another way , but it is not evident there the

Critical analysis, right, not what measure you need to do this ACR But then you you have to ask the question you have to ask the question which What criticism has this theoretical model received then he will bring and the most interesting thing I asked him for the difference between corporeality and corporeality he not only responded but also gave the references he gave the references n very curious exactly oh What else we are here without access to the questions we can't access the questions from the people who are watching us here so we are having a

debate here a little based on these first questions and the presentation by willam willam ten anything else you would like to emphasize that now the concern now would be to make these slides a little more legible so that people can observe and see carefully if they want to understand a little better, right and I am very hopeful that many of the aspects raised will be gradually clarified throughout the course I think it was a very interesting experience I'm here with you and I hope that this course I would like to ask Ah okay Aparecido can

answer Professor I Thank you where was it for Professor Aparecido, Professor Aparecido, is doing monumental work, now circulating between universities, encouraging the researchers, producing very interesting material, bringing together groups, look, doing such admirable work, Professor José Aparecido, But Mariane, and you are the great continuer of this project. I saw your latest publications and I was really impressed that you are approaching technology very strongly, you are combining technology with your phenomenological research. I think this demand is very important. want understand a little, right? They're there at the other end, developing these programs, developing these softwares, right,

but they want to understand how we can improve or what the limits are, anyway, for that they come to us from Psychology, so it's very interesting, I think. We certainly have a lot to contribute, so what I would like to leave as final words is all I wanted was to encourage research groups in this conjunction between phenomenology and neurosciences to continue this dialogue. Listen to me, I'm listening to you. Ok, I need to hang up. one of them It's off I'm going to turn it off so it doesn't work I'm here with my cell phone

from this other website It's right, Professor Aparecido wanted to Ask a question, it's not a comment, it's a criticism Ah, that's a comment, let's see if he can do it, otherwise we'll go you can finish it now I said we can finish it yes I think here on the stream you are listening to me so I will echo and I will ask the question Ask the question then okay questions and comments you listen I want to say first comment congratulations on the magnificent class Mag for me to ask a question I would have to analyze

your conference reasoning now Ok givago I'm going to leave here no you are now you're on the stream I've already released you can stay here you can manage so I don't give it then William A idea is the following throughout your lecture conference aul I noticed that you addressed different psychological constructs But you essentially talked about practically all the basic psychological processes memory thought language intelligence cognition psychophysical perception in an indirect way happiness Ok you name the people who they are listening to us in the middle, the amount is huge, it's huge So this is

the first the first placement and I also realized that each of these constructs At some point you suggest to us that maybe there is only one tion but at other times you suggest or help us to speculate that each of these psychological constructs and we behavioral scholars invariably if not always study the different psychological constructs that reach us on a daily basis and you often address multiple facets of each of them. This is a point that I would like you to eh, comment Is there something I can't say that is, at a biological level or

at a more cognitive level, a common element of these varied psychological constructs ? that the brain works in a modular way or would it have a general factor a common element in this is the first perun the second question also notice in your lecture that you show us very clearly coming from the principles of Psychology to mention William James a few before and some Later getting closer fe Steves thank you for mentioning my old father teó you commented on the different windows of the mind or the brain for example introspection questionnaire experimentation correlation brain imaging

intelligence tests Ok you name your colleagues will be able to name there are different windows which I call would even be a topic of discussion At some point to get closer, I always say get closer because I don't have a concern about whether the real world is the same as our mental world. I even think that it doesn't necessarily need to be ideal, but I comfortably I and many others and you can also Navigate these two my question would be the following do you think it is a necessary sinequan condition that the psych og has

a neuroscientific biological correspondence As someone says it is a necessary condition that for this correspondence we can Navigate these two worlds oooo teacher Appeared first question another question ok it's clear it's clear because it echoes the Of course thank you it's these two questions so aaa So the first question is and eh it's about the constructs yes the multiple you said memory you said Perception you said experience you said intelligence you said cognition happiness from time to time Ok come in Ok then and the correspondence teacher Appeared first I want to say that it is

It's an honor to speak to Professor Aparecido and I'm one of the most important psychologists we have here in Brazil with an immense production and this question he asks is very pertinent because he is one of the few psychologists with a general vision of the field No, we have this difficulty because people trap themselves, it is important that they do this, that they trap themselves in one of these windows that he said, go study memory, study perception, study consciousness, study eh, behavior, in other words, they are windows like these things. are and we need this

information we need this information what is the problem the problem is when you reduce psychological life to one of these windows and this was the historical error of Psychology it is not a historical error it is not a historical error Let's think about how how the researcher the researcher suddenly discovered something, right? He's going to be so excited about his discovery That he's going to spend the rest of his life sharing his discovery Hmm And eventually, what starts in psychophysics can become a Philosophy of life, do you understand? So you have You have to consider

within the field of science the effort that the researcher makes so that his discovery is recognized And here comes the danger, he reduced psychology to his discovery, understand, so if you take this historical path, he was like that, why is cognition the studies were delayed, the cognitive studies were delayed, they were delayed because of the wars in Europe, these Gestalt psychologists, which is cognitive psychology, had to run away and there is another important thing for the researcher, the degree of attention to the researcher and the researcher's credibility It's very tied to the name, the reputation

of your university, you know, if you go to an obscure university, you're not going to be heard much, this, this is the reality. So you need these constructs, the construct is a complicated word, it's complicated because the construct is a The thing you're proposing is that you really know if it's like this or if it's not like this, the model is already more Clear, so let's test the model, it's a little more advanced, then you arrive at a theory, then things become more enlightening, the theory is. the complete descriptive condition of a context, understand, this

is a theory, uh, understand, so I see, I see, in this multiplicity of constructs, the great richness of Psychology, uh, and the great challenge is that we have to deal with this set to move forward, uh, both in research and I think a lot about the line of service in the line of psychological practice because I'm a very psychologist, I come from psychology I lived in psychology, right, so I really defend the importance of the profession and today it is considered the profession that there are more resources to resolve major international conflicts psychology um this

is the first the second this correspondence between eh eh eh consciousness and Brain is fundamental one thing does not exist without the other if I want to understand consciousness without seeing the counterpart the counterpart and cerebral neurological is incomplete, my work today understands the same thing If I start doing exercises without having a physiotherapist to guide me and tell me what the function of the muscles is, then the relationship between consciousness and the Brain is very similar to the consciousness between movement and the body understands, Professor, so I'm not in your work in psychophysics, which

was an extraordinary science, when I go to my oculist, I say that the instruments he uses were discovered by psychophysicists, he keeps looking like that, but it's true both the ophthalmologist like the other Rino, they work with psychophysical instruments, no, yes, let me leave you with a question, since you arrived, it's very good, let me tell you quickly without being dominant, as you remembered, there are two phrases that I use about psychophysics. which are of effect No let's call it that's what I use in my daily life maybe because of my cognitive bias Training bias

one of them is more or less like this if something exists it exists in a certain quantity it can be reduced Ok the other one since we talk a lot about physics Mariane remembered several aspects of the physics area, Max plank once said that Only Real is what can be measured as you see the measurement [Music] of the current scenario of Brazilian Psychology well so let's go what measures quantification what does it measure it measures quality Teacher understands what what what what which where is the purity and the measurement of the measurement the purity of

the measurement is in the duration of the qualities so that it can make the measurements understand then in the same way in the same way as aa you cannot have the separation between brain and mind you cannot there can be this separation between quantity and equality hmm What happened is that quality, the people who study quality as research went to one corner and the people who study quantity went to the other, you can't give up quantity, professor, you can't, you can't, you can't. and that's why I say that one of the most important things for

a Psychology student is to learn how to make questionnaires because if he is a good he is a good questionnaire preparer if he knows how to work with questionnaire statistics, he understands he is he is called to work in some field he will make a good questionnaire he will test this questionnaire and There will be measurements and then he will clarify these measurements with qualitative interviews we have already done this and Mariane is a witness we have already compared scale with eh eh narration of a life event, teacher, we've already done that, and these conjectures

of mine about the Field Unit, I write in the Modesto newspaper, which accepts my conjectures, which is the memo, they're there, right, where I look back on the discussion about psychological theory, but I'm almost retiring professor I'm 78 years old Dio Mari Mari you take this flag and take PR forward she's doing beautiful work there with engineering people with electrogram it's a very promising research Professor Mariane I'm very happy I wish ask a question professor willam professor mar you can also participate I'm a new father I was a father before and now I'm a father

again, congratulations congratulations that's the thing The neuroscientist, despite seeing his son, sees there a conscience every day increasing the arms there is a milestone during the child's development that we can say oh here is a point of consciousness and before It was not makes sense this question how do you look at this teacher Mariane stay with you I already said So, what do we have? We have indicators of a sense of self, you know, of consciousness from the beginning, from the first day of birth, so we have people from developmental psychology. There are people who

mapped this out very well, Legy Butterworth, who he was the deceased researcher and he also did several studies in the area of ​​developmental psychology with babies, right , and what we noticed was what they were showing was how much the sense of one's own action is an origin, a root of this emergence of one of one sense of self of a conscience, so yes, for example, babies with birth times, they were able to register this, babies doing it by looking at the mother's facial expression and repeating that facial expression on their face, well, well-marked expressions,

so somehow our brain, our species, right? It seems to come with a readiness for facial recognition that will be one of the fundamental indicators for this emergence of a sense of consciousness, but in more cognitive terms you pay attention in The fourth year or so before a little Now this exposure, right, the screen, the photo from a very early age, it seems like it's pulling back a little, right, this ability to recognize in the mirror, which is at two years old, you must remember those experiments, right, classics there, June, right, with chimpanzees, right, so the

child can look in the mirror, look at your face with a little red mark on your forehead, instead of her, they will put it there in the mirror thinking that that child in the mirror is another child, she puts her hand on her forehead, there is something in me, that is, she can already understand doing this looping that William spoke about the reflectivity of projecting oneself in the mirror and thinking there in the mirror it's me who's there so she has to have a perception that she is someone for her to understand that she can

be outside of that little body of hers and there in SP, so a year or so between the years you can pay attention and do the experiments, put it in, put it in, see, see, after years there is an emergency or what we call theory of mind must be established, which is then an evolution of this when the child begins to have The notion that other people also have minds, of course, and they also live and experience mental states, cognitive states, it is when they begin to take more ownership of this notion, eh, of me,

right, they begin to call themselves me and It also starts to use verbs, right, that refer to affective states, I feel , I think, because she is realizing, understanding that she is a One Mind, right, and other people also have minds, so Eh, you can pay attention to these moments, it's very interesting for us to follow So this dialogue between the teacher eh eh Marian and the vague teacher illustrates the second person which is intersubjectivity and eh I can send you an article that we wrote last year on this subject ah M also if you

can send it I will put it on the course page including the references that you quoted the people I'm going, I'm going, no, we're going to do everything, we're going to do that book, I'm going to you, I'm going to you Because I think you brought together a very very interesting group of people for us to listen to and read, this is a historic moment in Brazilian Psychology, I'm impressed Wonderful So guys, but let's conclude, shall we? Here again I want to thank Professor Willam, Professor José Aparecido, Professor Mariane, who are here with us just

to let our audience know that this class will be recorded today. The frequency was released, we had a problem with the link No. Don't worry, the most important thing was to taste so many interesting things here that were discussed tomorrow guys, we have a class tomorrow, it will be a class taught by professor Landeira from PUC in Rio de Janeiro, the class will be at 5 pm, okay, so this week the class was today, tomorrow Professor Landeira and next week we will have classes on the second Wednesday and Friday, always at 6 pm, tomorrow Professor

Landa is at 5 pm, that's it, guys, good evening, I'm super happy that despite the computer turning off two more times here, everything but everything This first class went well so thank you for all being here good evening everyone bye bye good luck Congratulations willam for the thank you and to you too for Grande for the great participation Thank you teacher Aparecido thank you Mariane thank you good evening share and share with everyone we will see amh bye bye tau