ATOS E FATOS CONTÁBEIS

Have you ever stopped to think about the number of transactions that a company carries out daily? Sales, receipts, payments, hires? Depending on the size of the company, we can have thousands of transactions happening every day.

If you are studying or working in accounting, you have certainly wondered if accounting will record everything that is happening, which transactions will impact the balance sheet and the company's operations, how some operations, even seeming insignificant, appear in accounting records. Well, to understand all of this, we will talk in this video about accounting acts and facts and their classifications. We will understand why not all transactions become numbers in financial reports.

First of all, you should remember that the main objective of accounting is to record, measure, and inform the entities' assets. To do this, it will record everything that happens through accounting entries that are systematically classified, forming financial statements. For a record to be made, it must necessarily impact the accounting accounts that represent the action of the company's asset and result elements.

Therefore, if an event does not affect any account, it will not be recorded by accounting. And now I present to you our first definition, accounting acts, which are administrative events that do not affect the entity's assets. They represent decisions or commitments that may have a future impact, but at the moment they occur, they do not cause changes in the company's assets, liabilities, or equity.

To give you an example, imagine that the finance team approves a budget with the goals for the period. The approval of this budget only sets the financial guidelines to be met, but does not affect the company's assets neither assets, nor liabilities, nor equity will be changed. Therefore, this event is not recorded by accounting when the company opens an account in a new bank.

At the time of creating this account, there was no financial movement, only a registration at the bank was made. Therefore, this does not impact accounting records. Understand that accounting acts happen daily in entities, but do not immediately change the company's assets.

They may be recorded in auxiliary controls for monitoring, but they have no accounting effect. Accounting facts, on the other hand, are events that change the entity's assets and, therefore, need to be recorded in accounting. Depending on the change that accounting facts cause in the assets, they can be classified as exchangeable, modifying assets, or mixed.

Let's understand the three with examples. After you like the video and subscribe to the channel. To understand the classification of accounting facts, it is necessary to understand the accounting registration process and how the transaction impacts the asset, liability, and equity groups that form the balance sheet.

Remember that to make a record, you must use at least two accounts present in the chart of accounts. Use the double-entry method to make entries and after recording the impact in the accounting equation, it must be verified. If you do not know some of these terms, I recommend that you watch these videos to recall these concepts.

Knowing this, let's talk about exchangeable, modifying, and mixed facts. Exchangeable facts cause changes in the asset and liability elements. They do not affect equity.

Here, the involved accounts are within the asset group, within the liability group, or between the two. Equity is not involved in the record. For example, the purchase of stocks in cash for R$100.

When recording this transaction, the money leaves the cash account and goes to the stocks account. By the double-entry method, we will have a credit in the cash account and a debit in the stocks account. See that after this transaction, the only group impacted was the asset, equity was not affected by the transaction.

Modifying facts, on the other hand, are transactions that occur in the entity and cause changes in equity, causing an increase or decrease in the entity's asset or liability. If equity increases with the transaction, we have an increasing modifying fact. If it decreases, we have a decreasing modifying fact.

For example, the constitution of the company's share capital with the contribution by the partners of R$1,000 in cash. The accounts involved in this transaction are share capital within equity and cash in the asset. See that after this transaction, the equity and asset groups were affected.

Therefore, we have an increasing modifying fact, as the final result generated an increase in equity. Now think about the record of the invoice to be paid regarding the period's energy consumption. Upon receiving the electricity bill, the company can record a credit in accounts payable, increasing its liability, and a debit in the electricity expense account.

See that as it is an expense, it results in a change in the total equity value. Remember that all result accounts affect equity, revenues increase equity, and costs and expenses decrease it. If you have any doubts about this connection, I am leaving this video to make it clearer.

After this transaction, the equity and liability groups were affected. Therefore, we have a decreasing modifying fact, as the final result generated a decrease in equity. Finally, mixed facts are transactions that combine exchangeable and modifying facts at the same time.

In other words, in addition to causing changes in the asset and liability, an exchange between patrimonial elements, there is also a change, increasing or decreasing equity. Imagine that the company has 9,500 to receive from a client, but this client ends up paying late, and the company ends up receiving R$10,000, including R$500 in interest. See that the accounting entries for this transaction will be a credit in the clients account, reducing the client's obligation of 9,500, and a counterpart in cash, as the company received this money.

Regarding the interest, we will have an entry of 500 in cash, and the counterpart of this will be a financial income that affects equity. Therefore, the receipt of the client's right with interest is a mixed accounting fact, as it combines an exchangeable part, which is the exchange between asset accounts, and a modifying part, the recognition of revenue that increases equity. Very well, Let's see if all this theory makes sense.

Let's classify some transactions. Sale of a machine for cash, without profit or loss. If there was neither profit nor loss, equity was not affected.

So, it is a fact. Exchangeable asset. Receipt of a promissory note in cash with a discount.

When recording this transaction, you will affect equity and asset accounts. You will record a credit in the promissory note and a debit in cash, as it was received in cash, and the discount will affect my financial expense. Payment of a promissory note.

If I am paying a promissory note, it does not affect equity, so it is a fact. Exchangeable asset. Cash leaves, and I lower this promissory note to pay that would be in my liability.

Receipt of rental income. The accounts impacted here will be cash and revenue, so it is a modifying fact. It changes equity.

Receipt of a promissory note in checks with interest. This is a mixed fact, and it is clear that the impact on equity, as we have interest, is an increasing mixed fact. It will increase my equity, payment of electricity expenses.

This is a modifying fact. Expenses affect equity, as they affect the result. Purchase of merchandise, half in cash and the rest on credit.

See that here I am working only with asset and liability accounts. This is a fact. Exchangeable asset.

The purchase of merchandise, half in cash, leaves the cash and goes to the stock account, and the credit part deals with accounts payable. Change in the marital status of one of the partners. This is not an accounting fact; this is an accounting act, as it does not affect the entity's assets.

I hope I have helped you with this video. Next, other videos will appear that can help you here. Thank you for watching, and see you in the next one.

Bye.