Metabolism | Glycogenesis

I measure nerds in this video we're going to talk about glyco Genesis so the question is what is glyco Genesis well if you look at the name or the word itself it's saying glycogen synthesis that's all glycogen is it's just basically glycogen synthesis but the question is at hand is what is actually helping to synthesize this glycogen ok that's where we get a start okay so generally we're going to have two cells that are going to be playing a big role in this glycogen metabolism okay there's many many different types of tissue cells but we're

going to focus on the significant ones what are those two main organs that are going to be playing a role in this glycogen metabolism one of the organs is going to be the liver this is going to play a very very crucial role in this actual glycogen metabolism now on average with this glycogen metabolism about how much glycogen can be stored or generated within the liver because only certain amounts can actually be stored we can't go beyond a certain capacity and that is about a hundred grams approximately so about a hundred grams of glycogen can

be stored in the liver conversely let's say that we have the muscle so the muscles are also going to play a very very important role with this glyco Jenning specifically they can actually store up to about 300 to 400 grams of carbohydrates in a form of glycogen so 300 to 400 grams of glycogen can be stored in these this organ here so the liver and the muscles are playing a crucial role in this glycogen metabolism process specifically we're going to focus on glyco genesis in this video and we'll have another video where we focus on

glycogenolysis which is just the reverse pathway the next question at hand is when is this glycogen assist process going to be occurring so when does it occur so we know the organs of it occurring in but when is it occurring is the question so when is it occurring it's occurring whenever you are feeding all right so whenever you're you're actually eating food you're ingesting food so we call that it's occurring during the edit state the Fed state is basically the absorptive state it's whenever you're eating food and you're absorbing that actual glucose molecules across the

GI tract and into the bloodstream that's the Fed State so generally what will we say during the fed state we would say that this person has high blood glucose levels what do you call that when your glucose levels are really really high we call that hyper glycaemia but we're going to you know not this is not pathological hyperglycemia you know normally the range of glucose is about 80 to 120 milligrams per DL give or take 10 below 10 up so you can technically say if you want to give it a decent range about 7 to

130 whenever you're going significantly beyond 130 it can be prompt pathological but if you're just eating a decent amount of food it'll go up a little bit right enough to trigger the production of a very very special hormone that we're going to talk about afterwards called insulin insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas beta cells and it's going to help in the regulation of this process okay so we know the organs that it's occurring in to turn the liver it's occurring in the muscles we know when it's occurring that's occurring in the fed state

whenever our blood glucose levels are really high hyperglycemia so we've just eaten and we also know the hormone that's helping to regulate this process which is that of insulin okay now what we got to do is exactly how it's happening so now we have to actually answer the question how and that's what we're going to be focusing on primarily throughout this video okay so the first thing that we have to do is we have to actually say okay what are we actually dealing with here we're bringing the glucose into the cells so then we have

to take a look at glucose so real quickly let me draw for you the structure of glucose really quickly so let's say here I draw an expanded version of the glucose molecule so you know it's a six carbon glucose molecule and usually it's in a cyclic form okay so it looks something like this right and usually there's actually going to be a carbon group over here and usually there's going to be an OHA here and hydrogen here and then sometimes there could even be a hydrogen and an O H over here and vice versa we

could just keep going all the way around what's the significant component of this stuff over here also on the four carbon there can be a which let me number the carbons free this is the general structure of our glucose molecule now what I'm going to do is I'm on a number of the carbons because the number of the carbon is going to be the specific point that we want to understand so let's say right here this one right there that's right next to the oxygen this is actually the number one carbon okay that's the number

one carbon this is the number two carbon number three carbon number four carbon five carbon and six carbon the reason why I'm telling you this is that we're going to talk about certain bonds that are going to be occurring between the one carbon and the four carbon I'm going to briefly introduce it because we're going to talk about it throughout the process of this video for example you know the number one carbon we refer to the number one carbon as the reducing end so we refer to it as the reducing end and the reason why

it's called the reducing end is that it actually has a carbonyl carbon so you know carbonyl carbons are specifically looking something like this in general and carbonyl carbon that's the general structure of the carbonyl that number one carbon is the reducing it it's a carbonyl carbon at the number four carbon we have this specific hydroxyl group so let me save for a second I take this glucose molecule with its number one carbon and what I'm going to do is I'm going to take another glucose molecule and I'm going to link it up to the four

carbon so let me say I take over here I draw another four carbon I go another six carbon glucose here so I say here to have another six carbon glucose and then here should be a oxygen here should be our ch2oh there should be the Oh H hydrogen and what I say over here specifically you should have a Oh H and even a hydrogen right there and again what is this carbon here this is one carbon two carbon three carbon four carbon five carbon six carbon what I'm going to do now is I'm going to

show you a special bond that we're going to be talking about so I want you guys to just be confused when I just throw that out there want you to understand what's exactly happening you see this number one carbon in this for carbon the one carbon I'm going to denote again as our reducing I'm going to note that with our the number four end is going to be the non-reducing end what I'm going to do is is I'm going to take this one carbon in this four carbon and I'm going to fuse them together between

these OS groups so these oases are actually going to fuse together and you're going to lose water out of this process so you'll actually lose water so out of this will come water but then look what happens now I'm going to draw a new bond here between these two guys here I'm gonna actually draw a different Oxford so here's my oxygen right there and then you're having a bond here and a bond there so you see this bond that I just made between this one carbon in that for carb and that's a special type of

bond that we're going to talk about that bond right there is actually called a alpha and the reason why you know what they call it an alpha is for example if I had a no age pointing up this way and oh is pointing up this way and I formed the glycosidic bond between them when they're both upwards that's alpha if it was opposite let's say that I had a no H down here and I had an OHA up here so once pointing down one's pointing up and I formed the glycosidic bond like this that's beta

so this is a beta and this is alpha specifically what type of bond is this going to be well the OHS were both pointing up so this is an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond okay so now we understand what the alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond is between one carbon and the four carbon is going to be the formation of a hemiacetal okay we'll talk about that organic chemistry with this o h of the fourth carbon okay with aldol condensation reactions we'll talk about that in or go okay now I need to show you one more bond and

then we're going to get into this process and that's why I mentioned this sixth carbon because I highlighted a whole bunch of them but specifically this one's another important one so let's say I take the six carbon and I take another glucose molecule and I link it up here so now I draw another glucose molecule let's I draw one like this here's my oxygen right there here's my ch2oh that's my six carbon again and this is my one carbon and again what's coming off of the one carbon it's going to have a Oh a CH

and a H here and then over here I'm going to have a Oh H and an agent just again just to denote our carbons what is this carbon here this is specifically one carbon this is two three four five six now what I'm going to do is I'm going to take this o H from the six carbon and I'm going to fuse that with the O hiv-1 carbon I'm gonna get them I haven't hemiacetal to an alcohol reaction so I'm going to get rid of this and then get rid of this I'm going to release

water out of it and then what's the bond that I'm actually going to form here I'm going to form a bond between the one carbon of this glucose molecule and the six carbon it's other glucose molecule that bond is again pretend that the OHS are both pointing in the same direction so what kind of bond would this one game this would be a alpha one six glyco synack bond now that we have an understanding of what these are going to look like so that when i go through its process it makes sense i'm not going

to draw every single glucose molecule like this we're going to try to make it easier so here's what i want you guys to imagine for the rest of this process here's a circle that's our glucose molecule and then i want you guys to just realize that if I have this glucose molecule let's say that one end is going to be a one end then I can have a four int and let's say that I have the arm coming out of it which is this going to be the ch2oh agent what would that be this would

be the six carbon and they're giving you different colors so that way it's completely clear here again one end over here could be the one end one over here could be d4 end and mister bv6 end and if you want for me to even make it simpler I could even put a smiley face in here so whether the eyes are actually going to be towards the top okay so now we're going to do is we're going to show the bonds like this we're going to show glucose like this because it's easier it's simpler okay so

now we're going to do is were going to go through this process okay so now that we've gone through that that part of it just the general structure let's make it simple on ourselves and let's go ahead and get this started so now like I told you I'm going to represent it as a circle and if you guys like I'll put a little smiley face in there that you guys can think it's a happy process let's have fun throughout this process guys sound again there's a little point there and again if we were to number

it just the sake of it for the beginning parts one four six okay this is our glucose molecule now in order to get this glucose molecule in to this liver cell let's actually focus specific on a liver cell let's do liver cell first and what the same concept applies to the muscle cell just a little bit different in regulation and enzymes if I bring this glucose into the cell I have to have a special type of transporter to get that puppy in if it's the liver it's a glut too so if this is delivery this

is a glut to receptor if it was the muscles it's a glut for okay but now what this is going to happen is going to happen as a result of this is this glucose molecule is going to get brought into this cell so now the glucose molecule has been brought into this actual liver cell as its brought into this liver cell it's going to be acted on by special enzymes what does that enzyme that's going to work in this step right there this enzyme right here is ready to help if it's in the actual liver

its special this enzyme is actually called gluco kinase so glucokinase is stimulating this first step here but remember glucokinase is specifically for in the liver if it was in the muscles it would be hexokinase okay so if it was in the muscles here we'll put that just for the sake of it up here hexo kinase would be specific for the muscles now what is this hexokinase sure this google kinase going to do they're going to take a specific molecule called a TP and they're going to react this in to this reaction they're going to put

ATP into the reaction when they put ATP in the reaction look what adp is going to come it's going to come out as adp that means that in this process it lost a phosphate you know what happened to that phosphate in this reaction we put the phosphate on the sixth carbon of this little glucose baby now let's actually show the result here so here's our glucose baby and here again that's our six carbon but what's going to be on the six carbon let's show it as like a a little dot here once this little dot

that's the phosphate right so this little dot here that we added on is going to be the phosphate then if you remember again if we have his little eyes here smiley face this would be the number one carbon four carbon six carbon what is this molecule now called this molecule is now called glucose 6-phosphate okay because the phosphate that we added on is on the six carbon but you know what this glycogen metabolism doesn't want glucose 6-phosphate we want to specific type the glucose we want it to be preferred only for glycogen metabolism you know

what happens our body has a special enzyme and this enzyme is reversible it can do both reactions it can convert up and down and what it does is it just shifts the phosphate from the six carbon to the one carbon so now will this glucose molecule look like let's say here it is and again what's going to be here this smiley face right and then over here you're going to have again the six carbon is going to be popping out like this that's our six carbon and then what are we going to have now specifically

one carbon six carbon fourth carbon and on the one carbon we are now going to have a phosphate group so there's our phosphate group and it's specifically on the one carbon if the phosphate group is on the one carbon what would we call that we're going to call this glucose one phosphate one enzyme is catalyzing this step the enzyme catalyzing this conversion this downward direction but again it can do both steps up and down is called phospho gluco mutase so this enzyme is not extremely regulated and that's why it's reversible and it's called phosphoglucomutase and

it's a reversible invite takes glucose 6-phosphate to glucose 1-phosphate now we have the basic precursor but glycogen metabolism still like I wanted to be little bit different so then they see something they're like okay what I really want is I want you to take this glucose 1-phosphate and I want you to combine it with a special molecule so there's a molecule here which is all uridine tri phosphate so you're Dean triphosphate is basically if I were to kind of just give you the basic structure you know you have what's called nucleotides and nucleotides a specific

one is called uracil that uracil is a nitrogenous base and it's bound to what's called a ribose sugar that ribose is then bound to one two three phosphates uracil and ribose is called Yura Dean and then with the three phosphate its triphosphate so it's uridine triphosphate this uridine triphosphate is going to combine with the glucose 1-phosphate and what's going to happen is this this carbon on this uh the one carbon with the phosphate and then this UTP you're going to break this bond right here so look I'm going to break this bond this bond is

going to be broken and what do I get out of this reaction what am I going to lose out of as a process of this reaction I'm going to lose two phosphates these two philosophies that I lose that are bound together has a special name this special name is called pyro phosphate okay then I have the uracil and the ribose of the uridine mono phosphate is going to combine with the glucose 1-phosphate and as a result what am I going to get I'm going to get a one phosphate another phosphate oh that's diphosphate so that's

going to be you it's going to be called uridine diphosphate with the glucose linked to it so we call it UDP glucose so as a result of this reaction of us fusing this UTP and this glucose 1-phosphate what am I going to get as a result of this reaction I'm going to get specifically you D P which is your uridine diphosphate which is the one phosphate here plus the phosphate from the one carbon of glucose and what am I going to have link to it right here I'm going to have there's my six carbon smiley

face right there this is my glucose so this is called UDP and let's mark this guy this is close and for the sake of carbon numbering this is one carbon six carbon four carbon right now we have the basic unit of what we need to make the glycogen but the problem is in order to make glycogen it costs energy it's an energy costing process right it's an endergonic process in other words the Delta G of this reaction is positive our body has a weird way of coupling reactions we can chemically couple reactions so what we

have over here is this pyrophosphate I'm going to break this bond because it's going to release a lot of energy and there's an enzyme that's catalyzing this process here this enzyme is called pyro basta Ches and what he's doing is is he's stimulating the breakdown of this pyrophosphate and what am I going to release as a result two different philosophy it's an individual inorganic phosphate here and indicating an individual inorganic phosphate here but as a result what's going to happen this is going to produce energy this is going to give off energy and this is

a negative Delta G the Delta G is negative for this reaction if the Delta G for this reaction is negative that's an exergonic reaction which can drive this in their donek reaction its chemical coupling there okay this udp-glucose what's going to happen here I'm going to have a base molecule but I'm going to have to build on let me put this base molecule here here's this base molecule this base molecule that I'm going to have here is already going to be present within this actual liver or this muscle cell and it's a special protein molecule

called glyco Jenin and what's special about glycogenin is you have specific amino acids that are coming off of his surface what are those amino acids is coming off of a surface especially tyrosine so tiresome you know it has a phenyl group and then off that phenyl group you're going to have an alcohol so this is going to have that alcohol poking out that's attractive to this udp-glucose so what has to happen is and now what I'm going to do is I'm going to take this UDP glucose and I'm going to take this udp-glucose I'm going

to add it onto this glycogenin so again what is this brown protein molecule here it's called glyco genin what I'm going to do is and I'm going to take this glycogenin for the basic units of the glycogenin I'm going to take this UDP glucose and I'm going to add it on so let me add this on now the interesting thing is is is that some of these UDP glucose molecules that I'm going to add on it doesn't require a specific enzyme in other words this process is what's called Auto glycosylation gly cosas Latian so Auto

glycosylation means that there's not going to be a specific enzyme in this process that's going to add these UDP glucose azan so now let's add a couple of UDP glucoses onto this glycogen molecule so I'm going to make my glycogenin a little bit smaller here and again what am I going to have linking them well first off I'm going to have a Oh a CH let me just get rid of that H because now what I'm going to do is is I'm going to link this glucose on the one carbon so now what I'm going

to do is there's a phosphate here right there was a phosphate that I was having the uracil diphosphate with the glucose now what I'm going to do is when I add this UDP glucose on I'm going to break this bond right there so I'm going to break this bond and what am I going to do as a result what am I going to release out of this process I'm going to release out you DP and that will go on later to actually combine with the phosphate to make UTP but then I'm going to combine on

to this a glucose molecule okay and then what would be coming off here to the side this would be the six carbon so here's my one carbon four carbon six carbon but then guess what's going to happen I'm going to do another one so then I'm going to release a another UDP so say I do it again a second time so this is the first time this is the second time I'll say I do it another time a third time let say I do it three times to get it all started and I release out

UDP UDP what is this going to look like as a result okay I'm going to take this next glucose and I'm going to add the one carbon on to this huh didn't I tell you that whenever we have Obama one carbon in the four carbon that's something really special darn right it is it's called a alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond so I'm going to take this next glucose molecule little smiley face and I just link these two together what is that bond right there that is an alpha 1-4 well that this is the first one this

is going to be the second one and I'm going to do a third one and what am I going to do here I'm going to add a another glucose molecule on here so now this is going to be the six carbon and six carbon so you see what we've done here there's a couple OTO glycosylation that are occurring before any enzyme is involved here yet all I'm doing is I'm taking the udp-glucose breaking the bond between the UDP and the glucose between the one carbon to glucose breaking that bond releasing the UDP and taking the

glucose and adding it onto this what is this brown molecule again here called this is called glyco Jenin which has a special tyrosine amino acids around it but this is again not requiring an enzyme just a couple amino as a couple glucose molecules to prime it this is not requiring that an enzyme maybe we just do three for right now and again I add the UDP glucose when I do that I get rid of the UDP add the glucose with the one carbon on to this glycogenin molecule this is not a glycosidic bond okay this

is not a glycosidic bond because this is a bond between a glucose molecule and a protein that's not a glycosidic bond this bond between this glucose and this glucose from the four carbon to the one carbon that's an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond and this glucose molecule to this glucose molecule link between the four carbon one carbon is also a alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond so again this bond right here and this bond right here are specifically what alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds okay so now we have our primer so now let's bring this primer over here and

do the next step so now what we're going to do is we're going to bring this guy over here and we're going to continue to build upon him let's say here is my glycogenin molecule and already I have how many glucose molecules linked to it I have three so let's draw those three glucose molecules already previously linked to this so again I'm going to have right here one I'm going to have two then I'm going to have three and all of these guys are linked together specifically through so far one four glycosidic bonds so there's

my three glucoses and again I get a draw six carbon six carbon six carbon and if I were to be very specific just to be you know consistent this is one this is four six six six okay now an enzyme comes into play this enzyme is very very interesting so let's draw this enzyme look at this dude okay he's going to do something really cool he's going to help out in this process what this enzyme is going to do is he's going to do something really really special he's going to continue to glide coastally this

molecule what do I mean by that okay in one hand he's going to hold on to this glycogenin molecules let's say in one hand he's holding on to this the other hand he has a UDP glucose so what is that let's draw this over here over here in this other hand he's gonna have a UDP link to a glucose okay what's going to happen now is that he's going to take this UDP glucose and add it on and continue to do what what's happening over here if that happens if I add this UDP glucose on

to this guy's let's say I keep adding a couple of these at a time let's say I add four of them let's add another one here two three four so I added four of these so now I have this guy this guy this guy in this guy and again coming off of the side is going to be a six carbon molecule here alright we're going to that six carbon so again here's our six carbon and again what did I do with this UDP glucose I took the UDP glucose and I added on to this right

so we had three previously I just added on four more when I add on these next four what am I actually forming in between this third one I form a alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond and between this one I form an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond alpha 1-4 alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond and as a process from this point here this one this one and this one what do I release you DP UDP UDP and UDP all I'm doing is I'm a long gating the glycogen so let's say that I just keep doing that with this guy this

this guy this enzyme he just keeps adding on more glucose molecules one at a time utilizing UDP glucose and again this is a six carbon six carbon six carbon if he just continues to keep it long gating this chain of glycogen what does this enzyme called again what would be happening as a result what I be releasing out of this UDP I'd be releasing UDP and again I'd be releasing UDP this enzyme is just continuously doing that he's just taking these UDP glucoses and adding them on consistently to each component and if he continues to

keep doing that he's stimulating each one of these processes to continue to stimulate and make glycogen what is the name of this enzyme this enzyme is called glycogen synthase okay so that's how he's doing that okay cool so so far we had a nice polymer but the problem is is that look at the condensed occupy can we make this many inside a one cell no we got to do something special to where we can make it to where it's actually allowing for a nice surface area but it's not clogging up the whole cell occupation of

the cytosol so how do I do that I bring another enzyme in here so now let us bring this this polymer that we've made so far let us bring him down here and see what happens to this next step okay now if we have this glycogenin molecule here again if I have this glycogenin molecule here again let's say here's our glycogenin and what is this glycogen and having on its surface again just repetition over repetition it was having a tyrosine amino acid and again it was linking to a glucose but this was not a glycosidic

bond and if we had let's say that I just do about I do about maybe 10 B's so let me just do a couple you so one two three four five six seven eight nine ten okay and all of these bonds in between that I'm going to shade in with a little bit of green here this is a alpha one for alpha one for alpha one for alpha one for alpha one for alpha one for alpha one for up one for who is making this bond glycogen synthase another enzyme is going to come out this

enzyme is going to do something really cool so again what was coming off of the side over here off of each one of these six six six six carbon six carbon six carbon six carbon six carbon six carbon you guys get the point what's going to happen is there's going to be a cool little sneaky little enzyme is going to do something really cool so let's say here's this enzyme this enzyme is going to come into play and he's going to see all of this and he's going to help out in this process what is

he going to do in one hand actually no look his foot his foot is going to come down here hold on to the glycogenin molecule this whole polymer the other hand let's say he counts down let's say he comes over here and he's like okay 1 2 3 4 5 mmm I like that alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond I'm going to cut that bond so with this hand right here he cuts that bond okay he cuts this alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond when he cuts that bond then look what he does he takes with his other hand

and transfers it onto the side what bond is over here on the side again guys 6 6 6 carbon 6 carbon 6 carbon 6 carbon you guys get the point 2 6 carbon this guy breaks that bond and he takes 1 2 3 4 5 and transfers them over let's say transfers all over like this guy right here this one right there so now what I'm going to do is I'm going to take these guys 1 2 3 4 5 each one of these guys and again this is a one end and this is going

to be the four end and what I'm going to do and this is the sixth end let's say that's the six end right there I'm going to take and now I got rid of these guys he cut these any transference all of these are gone because he cut that bond right there okay we'll leave that bond just to show it okay so he cut that bond with this hand with the other hand he does something special he takes the one carbon so again this is the one carbon this is the six carbon he is going

to make a bond between these two this bond is again what it's between the one carbon and the six carbon what kind of bond would you call that guys you would call that bond a alpha 1-6 glycosidic bond okay now look what that did for us this glycogen synthase is like you created some more surface area for me I'm going to come over now and I'm going to synthesize some more so what he does is he comes in and he again what is he holding in one hand and one hand he's holding on to UDP

linked to glucose here was our glucose okay so there was our glucose and again here is the six carbon group right there and one hand he's holding onto the glycogen molecule right he takes that UDP glucose and adds it on and then what leaves is the process let's say I take and I add on four more of these guys so am I gonna add on one two three four now that I added on these new four and again what's going to be popping off to the side six carbon six carbon six carbon six carbon I

pull em Erised four more when I pull em er eyes for more of these this was done by the enzyme glycogen synthase because it's that enzyme so this enzyme right here is glycogen synthase and he's going to continue to keep it long eating it so again what is this enzyme here doing what is this enzyme doing it's cutting this bond here between the one carbon and the actual four carbon if it's cutting the bond between the one carbon in the four carbon and it's an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond isn't that alpha 1-4 glucose I taste

activity yes it is that is one of the functions of this enzyme so one function is you can break the alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond so we call that alpha 1-4 Co Sybase active because it's breaking that bond what was the other part of the enzyme doing with the other hand it was holding onto those glucose units that had cut right so it cut it like this point so 1 2 3 4 5 it cut the alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond and then it took these 1 2 3 4 5 glucose units and added it on to

the 6 carbon of this glucose molecule and formed a alpha 1-6 glycosidic bond so in other words it also has the ability to make alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds he has alpha 1-6 glycosidic bond activity so he can make those bonds okay what is this warm key enzyme then this wonky enzyme here he has a very complicated name we're not going to use the complicated name we're going to use the simpler name because that's what we want we want simple guys this enzyme is called branching enzyme okay so this enzyme right here is called the branching

enzyme and he has alpha 1-4 glucose Itay s and alpha 1-6 glycosidic bond activity and if you can imagine once you transfer that over the glycogen synthase is going to go and polymerize alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds so now let's show us let's show the overall product so let's now I take I take this actual product we had here and we keep building on it to get the overall point now so here's our glycogen in molecule and again it's going to have that tyrosine amino acid right and then from that point on you're going to have

the glucose is being added so let's say that we just do it like this now so all of these bonds that I'm making at this point right now is alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds who's doing this glycogen synthase then this enzyme the branching enzyme let's say he comes to right here cuts this bond takes all of this glucose units here from that 1-4 glycosidic bond that it cut and adds to the side over here let's say that that's the six carbon over here on the six carbon it adds that right there and then does what after

adds a couple of these units who comes to play glycogen synthase and then glycogen synthase actually makes more alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds so what was that guy doing what was that branching enzyme doing cutting the alpha 1-4 and transferring those glucose units onto the six carbon to make alpha 1 6 like I said it bonds once this is cut who can come back into play glycogen synthase and make what kind of bonds guys alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds after he makes more of these what enzyme will come into play let's say that this branching enzyme comes

over here and cuts this bond and then there's there going to be a six carbon right here what is he going to do he's going to take these glucose units transfer them onto that six carbon and then do what then he's going to add these actual glucose units over here and let's say the as these glucose units to about that point and then who comes into play glycogen synthase and he'll come and make more and then glycogen synthase can elongate with this and it just keeps going and going and going it's a nice interplay between

these two enzymes glycogen synthase and branching enzyme what is this overall molecule now called glyco gen so we've synthesized our glycogen we've went through the process guys you guys made it through it alright so in the next video now we're going to take this glycogen we're going to break it down and show you how all of that activity is occurring alright engineers I hope this all made sense I hope you guys enjoyed it until next time